SynthesisSexually transmitted infections2020
Pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes associated with
Synthesis in Sexually transmitted infections, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal intubation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- The global prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in pregnant women: a meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Pooled it
- Associations between microbial presence in follicular fluid with IVF outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes associated withSexually transmitted infections · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of The Interaction Between HIV Infection And COVID-19: Two Years' Evidence Summary.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated withSexually transmitted infections · 2021Pooled it
- Chlamydia trachomatis Incidence in Relation to Vaginal Microbiota Dynamics, Immunogenetics and Exposures in a Cohort of Young Student Women in France.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Integrating point-of-care screening for curable sexually transmitted infections with HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B screening in antenatal care services in Zimbabwe: a mixed-methods process evaluation.BMJ global health · 2025Trial
- A Pay-It-Forward Approach to Improve Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing Uptake Among Female Sex Workers in China: Venue-Based Superiority Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Trial
- Article
- Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of antenatal sexually transmitted infection screening to reduce preterm birth and low birthweight in South Africa.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Infertility Attributable to Sexually Transmitted Infections From 1990 to 2021, With Projections to 2050.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Global temporal trends and projections for the incidence of chlamydial infection among women of childbearing age over the next decade.Medicine · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial resistance crisis in STIs: Gonorrhea andNew microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- High Burden ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Antenatal Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections to Reduce Preterm Birth or Low Birthweight (Philani Ndiphile Study): A Randomized Three-Group Trial.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Correlates of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among marginalized women in the Dominican Republic.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2026Article
- Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 9 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGenital chlamydia infection in women is often asymptomatic, but may result in adverse outcomes before and during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength of the relationships between chlamydia infection and different reproductive health outcomes and to assess the certainty of the evidence.
methodsThis review was registered and followed the Cochrane guidelines. We searched three databases to quantitatively examine adverse outcomes associated with chlamydia infection. We included pregnancy and fertility-related outcomes. We performed meta-analyses on different study designs for various adverse outcomes using unadjusted and adjusted analyses.
resultsWe identified 4730 unique citations and included 107 studies reporting 12 pregnancy and fertility-related outcomes. Sixty-eight studies were conducted in high-income countries, 37 studies were conducted in low-income or middle-income countries, and 2 studies were conducted in both high-income and low-income countries. Chlamydia infection was positively associated with almost all of the 12 included pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes in unadjusted analyses, including stillbirth (OR=5.05, 95% CI 2.95 to 8.65 for case-control studies and risk ratio=1.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.51 for cohort studies) and spontaneous abortion (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.49 for case-control studies and risk ratio=1.47, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.85 for cohort studies). However, there were biases in the design and conduct of individual studies, affecting the certainty of the overall body of evidence. The risk of adverse outcomes associated with chlamydia is higher in low-income and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries.
conclusionChlamydia is associated with an increased risk of several pregnancy and fertility-related adverse outcomes in unadjusted analyses, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Further research on how to prevent the sequelae of chlamydia in pregnant women is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017056818.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.