ArticleBMC psychiatry2019
Longitudinal trajectories of comorbid PTSD and depression symptoms among U.S. service members and veterans.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immediate and follow-up effects of EMDR therapy for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Recurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review of definitions, prevalence and predictors.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of amisulpride for depressive symptoms in individuals with mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human psychopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Group-Based Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Role of Trauma Type.Campbell systematic reviews · 2026Review
- Betrayal as consequence and catalyst: Longitudinal and reciprocal relations with PTSD and depression during ongoing conflict.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis attenuation following child sexual abuse distinguishes posttraumatic stress trajectories from late adolescence to midlife.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Impact of self-reported cannabis use on veterans' intensive PTSD treatment outcomes.Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy · 2026Article
- Automatic analysis of speech representations to assess psychological distress.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Comorbidity network of post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea.Epidemiology and health · 2026Article
- Long-Term Postdeployment Clinical Subtypes of Risk and Resiliency in Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Predictors of differential PTSD and depression symptom trajectories in firefighters: a growth mixture analysis.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Transcriptional changes across tissue and time provide molecular insights into a therapeutic window of opportunity following traumatic stress exposure.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Roles of Dissociation and Depression in PTSD Among Soldiers Exposed to Combat.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Unveiling the neglected role of the intensity of acute stress disorder in the prediction of full- and sub-threshold posttraumatic stress disorder: looking beyond the diagnosis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Impact of surgery after injury on SDNN and posttraumatic stress disorder development over two years.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Heterogeneity in 10-year course trajectories of moderate to severe major depressive disorder among veterans.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- Neural and psychological correlates of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a community adult sample.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Interventions and Insights from Clinical Trials.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- A model for secondary traumatic stress following workplace exposure to traumatic material in analytical staff.Communications psychology · 2024Review
- Emotional processing is not enough: relations among resilience, emotional approach coping, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among combat veterans.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study examined longitudinal trajectories of PTSD and MDD symptoms among service members and veterans with comorbid PTSD/MDD.
methodsEligible participants (n = 1704) for the Millennium Cohort Study included those who screened positive at baseline for both PTSD (PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version) and MDD (Patient Health Questionnaire). Between 2001 and 2016, participants completed a baseline assessment and up to 4 follow-up assessments approximately every 3 years. Mixture modeling simultaneously determined trajectories of comorbid PTSD and MDD symptoms. Multinomial regression determined factors associated with latent class membership.
resultsFour distinct classes (chronic, relapse, gradual recovery, and rapid recovery) described symptom trajectories of PTSD/MDD. Membership in the chronic class was associated with older age, service branch, deployment with combat, anxiety, physical assault, disabling injury/illness, bodily pain, high levels of somatic symptoms, and less social support.
conclusionsComorbid PTSD/MDD symptoms tend to move in tandem, and, although the largest class remitted symptoms, almost 25% of participants reported chronic comorbid symptoms across all time points. Results highlight the need to assess comorbid conditions in the context of PTSD. Future research should further evaluate the chronicity of comorbid symptoms over time.
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