SynthesisThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2020
Impact of national interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use: a systematic review.
Synthesis in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Interventions to reduce non-prescription antimicrobial sales in community pharmacies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Assessment of global antimicrobial resistance campaigns conducted to improve public awareness and antimicrobial use behaviours: a rapid systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Evaluation of WHO Core Prescribing Indicators Across Healthcare Facilities in Low Resource Asian Setting: A Case of Nepal.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- How Health Policies Shape Antibiotic Use: A Nationwide Study of "Access"-Group Antibiotics Availability and Consumption in a Middle-Income Country: The Case of Kazakhstan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antibiotic prescriptions to preschool children with respiratory tract infections in primary healthcare.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Trends in primary care antibiotic prescribing during the implementation of national stewardship policies: Türkiye, 2011-2019.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Impact of Delisting Non-Prescription Medicines from Health Insurance Coverage on Physicians' Prescribing Behaviour in Iran: A Qualitative Study.Journal of research in pharmacy practice · 2026Article
- Long-term public antibiotic awareness campaign significantly reduced inappropriate antibiotic use in pediatric primary care settings.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Pharmacists' practices, perceptions, and challenges in dispensing antibiotics without prescription: a qualitative study in Palestine.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Patterns of antimicrobial use in Qatar's hospitals: Results from the first national point prevalence survey.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2025Article
- Using social influencers for public health education on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: protocol for a quasi-experimental study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial resistance in a protracted war setting: a review of the literature from Palestine.mSystems · 2025Review
- A Laboratory Protocol for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Beta-Lactams Antimicrobials in Horses and Dogs.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Impact on Antibiotic Use in Three Tertiary Hospitals in Zambia: A Comparative Point Prevalence Survey.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- National trends in Azithromycin consumption during 2017-2023 in Kazakhstan: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the imperative for enhanced clinical guidelines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- National antibiotic consumption is strongly related to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance across bacterial clades.iScience · 2025Article
- A Biosocial Perspective to Understand Antimicrobial Prescription Practices: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study from a Public Community Health Center in North India.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Antibiotic Usage and Resistance among People Attending Primary Healthcare in Rwanda.Rwanda journal of medicine and health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGlobal recognition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as an urgent public health problem has galvanized national and international efforts. Chief among these are interventions to curb the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. However, the impact of these initiatives is not fully understood, making it difficult to assess the expected effectiveness and sustainability of further policy interventions. We conducted a systematic review to summarize existing evidence for the impact of nationally enforced interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in humans.
methodsWe searched seven databases and examined reference lists of retrieved articles. To be included, articles had to evaluate the impact of national responsible use initiatives. We excluded studies that only described policy implementations.
resultsWe identified 34 articles detailing interventions in 21 high- and upper-middle-income countries. Interventions addressing inappropriate antibiotic access included antibiotic committees, clinical guidelines and prescribing restrictions. There was consistent evidence that these were effective at reducing antibiotic consumption and prescription. Interventions targeting inappropriate antibiotic demand consisted of education campaigns for healthcare professionals and the general public. Evidence for this was mixed, with several studies showing no impact on overall antibiotic consumption.
conclusionsNational-level interventions to reduce inappropriate access to antibiotics can be effective. However, evidence is limited to high- and upper-middle-income countries, and more evidence is needed on the long-term sustained impact of interventions. There should also be a simultaneous push towards standardized outcome measures to enable comparisons of interventions in different settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.