Flammer syndrome in multiple sclerosis: diagnostics, prediction, and personalization of treatments.

backgroundFlammer syndrome (FS) occurs from well-described signs and symptoms. The syndrome itself is not a disease, but it may be a directive marker for advancing therapeutic approaches by predictive and preventive measures as well as for personalization of treatments. The syndrome is related to many diseases, but FS has been rarely studied in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study aimed to determine whether FS signs and symptoms occur more often in people with MS than in healthy controls, and in order to personalize the treatment, we investigated the possible effect of current therapies on FS signs and symptoms.

methodsTwo hundred twenty-two MS patients and 203 healthy controls answered the questionnaire consisting of 15 signs and symptoms of FS.

resultsMS patients had significantly more complaints in 9 items of FS signs and symptoms (cold hands or/and feet, the reduced feeling of thirst, dizziness, drug side effects, other headaches (tension-type, medication overuse), weight loss, feeling cold, long sleep-onset time, and skin blotches) compared to healthy controls. Six items (low blood pressure, tinnitus, increased odor sensitivity, low pain threshold, and perfectionism) were similar between the two groups. The treatment agents currently used did not have any effect on the signs and symptoms of FS.

conclusionThis study showed that FS might be associated with MS. Injectable or oral agents are not related to the signs and symptoms of FS. Further studies are needed to validate this association. RELEVANCE OF THE ARTICLE FOR PREDICTIVE PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: FS is common among MS patients. Being aware of this incidence that might impair the life quality of MS patients is useful to predict the comorbidity and develop preventive strategies and applying personalized treatment options and procedures.