ArticlePloS one2019
An examination of the association between early initiation of substance use and interrelated multilevel risk and protective factors among adolescents.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cannabis use among Arab students: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- #TurntTrending: a systematic review of substance use portrayals on social media platforms.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Do Symptoms of Depression Moderate the Links Between Reactive and Proactive Aggression and Frequency of Substance Use?Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Hooked before the first injection: The role of prescription opioids in early injection drug use initiation in San Francisco.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Perceived Availability of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in the United States from 2015 to 2019.Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Childhood maltreatment and early-onset substance use: sex differences in the impact of various types of maltreatment and psychiatric comorbidity.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Substance Use Among Iranian Youth: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence, Pattern, and Its Associated Factors.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Trends in lifetime controlled drug use and associated risk factors among Japanese Junior High School Students: Findings from Nationwide Surveys, 2016-2024.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- Mapping the Landscape: A Scoping Review of Evaluated Substance Use Harm Reduction Programs for Youth.Journal of drug education · 2025Article
- Social and Environmental Predictors of Youth Alcohol and Cannabis Initiation Risk: The Moderating Role of Family History of Substance Use Disorders.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Neural markers of error processing relate to task performance, but not to substance-related risks and problems and externalizing problems in adolescence and emerging adulthood.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Article
- Scoping review of biological and psychosocial pathways that lead from childhood adversity to early-onset substance use.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Pilot Implementation of Guiando Buenas Decisiones, an Evidence-Based Parenting Program for Spanish-Speaking Families, in Pediatric Primary Care in a Large, U.S. Health System: A Qualitative Interview Study.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2024Article
- Lifetime use of alcohol and cannabis among U.S. adolescents across age: Exploring differential patterns by sex and race/ethnicity using the 2019 NSDUH data.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Prevalence of probable substance use disorders among children in Ugandan health facilities.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Sexual minority status, illicit drug use, and depressive symptoms.Journal of LGBT youth · 2024Article
- Explanatory factors of polydrug use in mid-late teens and the relevance of information sources: Correlational and configurational assessment in Tarragona (Spain).AIMS public health · 2024Article
- Long-Term Outcomes of Adolescent Outpatient Treatment for Substance Use Problems: Exploring the Co-occurrence of Mental Health and Substance Use Problems.Scandinavian journal of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology · 2024Article
- Early life adversity: Epigenetic regulation underlying drug addiction susceptibility.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2023Review
- Does high family support protect against substance use in adolescents who perceive high disordered neighborhood stress, border community and immigration stress or normalization of drug trafficking at the US-Mexico border? Analysis of the BASUS survey.Journal of migration and health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of the major goals of drug use prevention programs is to delay the age of onset of substance use. What is called early initiation, usually occurring in adolescents under the age of 15, is a salient predictor of Substance Use Disorders later in adulthood. The causes of early initiation are complex and multifaceted and this has led to the identification of a rich set of risk and protective factors that influence age of onset. Nonetheless, there is little knowledge about the interdependence of these factors in their impact on early initiation. This paper addresses this question by applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis to data on family, community and social risk and protective factors from over 1200 adolescents. We find that community and to a lesser extent social factors are the most clearly associated to early initiation and we compare our results to those obtained from linear regression analyses of the same data that do not incorporate interdependence and find opposite results. We discuss the differences between linear regressions and MCA to evaluate the interplay of risk and protective factors and the implications of our findings for health policy and the design of prevention interventions aimed at delaying age of onset.
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Registered trials
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