ArticleStroke2020
Effect of Cognitive Reserve on Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Recovery After Stroke: The KOSCO Study.
Article in Stroke, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03402451 (Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Education Levels and Poststroke Cognitive Trajectories.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Epidemiology and Outcomes Associated with Cognitive Frailty and Reserve in a Stroke Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Short-term Trajectories of Poststroke Cognitive Function: A STROKOG Collaboration Study.Neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Role of cognitive reserve in ischemic stroke prognosis: A systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Diabetes Mellitus and Post Stroke Cognitive Recovery After Ischaemic Stroke: A Study from Tertiary Care Centre in South India.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Long-Term Effect of Intensive Education in Patients With First-Ever Ischemic Stroke.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- High Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Low Serum Vitamin D Levels as Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment in Ischemic Stroke Patients.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Predicting online motor learning after stroke in lower limb task using machine learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Incidence and associated factors of major VCI in first-ever ischemic stroke patients with mild VCI: a five-year prospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Article
- Recognizing, managing, and preventing cognitive sequelae after stroke. A narrative review.Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior · 2026Review
- Age, race, and education as moderators of post-stroke cognitive decline following dental care.Frontiers in stroke · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Clinical Model (SHACEA) for Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment Prognosis Occurred at Acute Phase and Last to 6 Months.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Article
- The impact of high-frequency rTMS treatment on brain activity in PSCI patients: a TMS-EEG study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Is cognitive reserve associated with cognitive function across stroke severity? A longitudinal study among Chinese stroke patients.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Factors Influencing Poststroke Cognitive Dysfunction: Cross-Sectional Analysis.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Factors Associated With Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: A Narrative Review.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2024Review
- Quantifying brain health in acute ischemic stroke through effective reserve.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Neuroimaging analysis reveals distinct cerebral perfusion responses to fasting-postprandial metabolic switching in Alzheimer's disease patients.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 15 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Purpose- The theory of cognitive reserve (CR) was introduced to account for individual differences in the clinical manifestation of neuropathology. This study investigated whether CR has a modulating effect on cognitive impairment and recovery after stroke. Methods- This study is an interim analysis of the Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and Rehabilitation. A total of 7459 patients with first-ever stroke were included for analysis. Education, occupation, and composite CR scores derived from those 2 variables were used as CR proxies. Scores from the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination analyzed for 30 months after stroke onset were analyzed. Results- Lower CR increased the risk of cognitive impairment after stroke. The odds ratio was 1.89 (95% CI, 1.64-2.19) in patients with secondary education and 2.42 (95% CI, 2.03-2.90) in patients with primary education compared with patients with higher education. The odds ratio was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.23-1.98) in patients with a skilled manual occupation and 2.01 (95% CI, 1.42-2.83) in patients with a nonskilled manual occupation compared with patients with a managerial or professional occupation. In the multilevel model analysis, the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination total score increased during the first 3 months (1.93 points per month) and then plateaued (0.02 point per month). The slopes were moderated by the level of education, occupation, and composite CR score: the higher the level of education, occupation, or CR score, the faster the recovery. In the older adult group, the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination scores showed a long-term decline that was moderated by education level. Conclusions- Education and occupation can buffer an individual against cognitive impairment caused by stroke and promote rapid cognitive recovery early after stroke. In addition, higher education minimizes long-term cognitive decline after stroke, especially in older patients. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03402451.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.