ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2020
Characterization of Nicotine Salts in 23 Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping the effectiveness of digital health interventions in promoting electronic cigarette cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the impact of protonating acid combinations in e-cigarette liquids: a randomised, crossover study on nicotine pharmacokinetics.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Effect of Exposure to e-Cigarettes With Salt vs Free-Base Nicotine on the Appeal and Sensory Experience of Vaping: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Comparing brain absorption and lung deposition of nicotine salts and free-base e-cigarettes: insights from [Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- E‑Cigarettes Generate Gas Phase Ions.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- What is the Addictive Potential from Vaping?Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2026Article
- Effects of nicotine concentration and pH on nicotine pouch appeal and sensory experience: A randomized experimental study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- From liquid to aerosol: an innovative HPLC method sheds light on nicotine salt dynamics of e-cigarettes.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Electronic Cigarette Exposures Impair Respiratory Function and Structure in the Female Apoe-/- Mouse.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Adolescents' and Young Adults' use of "Boost" mode in their E-cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Analytical approaches for investigation of partially identified leachables in ENDS.Frontiers in chemistry · 2026Article
- Effect of smoking and finishing and polishing protocol on color stability and surface roughness of resin composite.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Chronic Pod-Mod E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposure Induces Aortic Dysfunction in Hypercholesterolemic Mice: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2025Article
- In vitro toxicological assessment using NCI-H292 cells of the relationship between cytotoxic effects and chemical composition in flavored e-liquids.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Stability of Flavoring Chemicals in e-Cigarette Liquids: A Naturalistic Product Aging Study over 24 months.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Article
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Commercial Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Salivary Metabolic Pathway Alterations in Brazilian E-Cigarette Users.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A multi-year characterization of confiscated vaping products from Virginia school youth.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2024Article
- Breaking the Myths Around e-Cigarettes: A Narrative Review Exploring the Impact of e-Cigarette on Human Health.Cureus · 2024Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMany electronic cigarette manufacturers have begun offering liquids containing "nicotine salts," which are formed when an acid is mixed in a solution with free-base nicotine. Type of salt could play a significant role in the abuse liability of electronic cigarette liquids. As a first step to understanding nicotine salts, this study sought to identify the types of acids present in 23 commercially available electronic cigarette liquids. AIMS AND
methodsTwenty-three electronic cigarette liquids advertised as containing nicotine salts were purchased for analysis. These liquids were tested for the presence of 11 different organic acids that were deemed likely to be used in a nicotine salt formulation. Liquids were analyzed using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, then compared to authentic acid standards for identification.
resultsSix of the 11 possible acids were identified in the liquids, from most to least common: lactic, benzoic, levulinic, salicyclic, malic, and tartaric acid. Acid(s) could not be identified in one of the liquids. Though most liquids contained only one type, three of the liquids contained multiple acids.
conclusionsThese data demonstrate that several types of salts/acids are currently being used in electronic cigarette liquids. The type and concentration of salt(s) used in these liquids may differentially alter sensations in the throat and upper airway, and overall pharmacology of the aerosols by altering liquid pH and from flavor and sensory characteristics of the acids themselves. IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that at least six different types of acids are being used to create the nicotine salts in electronic cigarette liquids, with the acids lactic, benzoic, and levulinic being the most frequently identified. Identification of these acids can serve as the foundation for future research to determine if type of nicotine salt alters pharmacological and toxicological effects of electronic cigarettes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.