ReviewThe Journal of experimental medicine2020
Regulation of the germinal center and humoral immunity by interleukin-21.
Review in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-21-Deficient T Follicular Helper Cells Support B Cell Responses Through IL-27 in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Article
- Somatic deficiency of the human E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL in leukocytes impairs B cell but not T cell development and function.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21 Along the Stress-Smoking-Periodontal Health Axis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Mexican Adults.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity within tertiary lymphoid structures.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tissue-Specific Expansion of Age-Associated B Cells via IFN-γ and IL-21 Within Salivary Glands in Sjögren Disease.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Article
- Innate immunity and training to subvert original antigenic sin by the humoral immune response.eLife · 2025Article
- Microbead-based synthetic niches for in vitro expansion and differentiation of human naïve B-cells.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- Progress in African Swine Fever Vector Vaccine Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Intrinsic functional defects in B cells of patients with NFKB2 mutations.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Chronic opioid use is associated with higher antibody response to influenza vaccination in people living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Impaired development of memory B cells and antibody responses in humans and mice deficient in PD-1 signaling.Immunity · 2024Article
- Analysis of T follicular and T peripheral helper lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease.Endocrine · 2024Observational
- CD4 T Cell-Derived IL-21 Is Critical for Sustaining Plasmodium Infection-Induced Germinal Center Responses and Promoting the Selection of Memory B Cells with Recall Potential.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Germinal center cytokine driven epigenetic control of Epstein-Barr virus latency gene expression.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- T-cell help in the germinal center: homing in on the role of IL-21.International immunology · 2024Article
- Germinal Center Cytokines Driven Epigenetic Control of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency Gene Expression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Maternal immunity shapes biomarkers of germinal center development in HIV-exposed uninfected infants.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Role of tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells in clinical immunotherapy of gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokines play critical roles in regulating the development, survival, differentiation, and function of immune cells. Cytokines exert their function by binding specific receptor complexes on the surface of immune cells and activating intracellular signaling pathways, thereby resulting in induction of specific transcription factors and regulated expression of target genes. While the function of cytokines is often fundamental for the generation of robust and effective immunity following infection or vaccination, aberrant production or function of cytokines can underpin immunopathology. IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced predominantly by CD4+ T cells. Gene-targeting studies in mice, in vitro analyses of human and murine lymphocytes, and the recent discoveries and analyses of humans with germline loss-of-function mutations in IL21 or IL21R have revealed diverse roles of IL-21 in immune regulation and effector function. This review will focus on recent advances in IL-21 biology that have highlighted its critical role in T cell-dependent B cell activation, germinal center reactions, and humoral immunity and how impaired responses to, or production of, IL-21 can lead to immune dysregulation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.