ArticleHandbook of experimental pharmacology2021
The Use of Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Spasticity.
Article in Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cervicothoracic dorsal rhizotomy for the management of upper limb spasticity: a systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- IncobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of lower-limb spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: A phase 3 study.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicineTrial
- Relationship Between Spinal Reflexes and Spastic Movement Disorders.Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America · 2026Review
- Dystonia: pathophysiology and the role of acupuncture in treatment.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2025Review
- Conference Abstracts "Bridges in Rehabilitation" of the 2Journal of frailty, sarcopenia and falls · 2025Article
- Observational
- Exploring New and Potential Indications for Botulinum Toxin Treatment: An Updated Literature Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Article
- Article
- Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injections in the Treatment of Spasticity of Different Etiologies: An Umbrella Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Best Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Modified Scoping Review.Toxins · 2024Article
- Efficacy of cannabinoids compared to the current standard treatments on symptom relief in persons with multiple sclerosis (CANSEP trial): study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Article
- Spasticity-related pain in children/adolescents with cerebral palsy. Part 2: IncobotulinumtoxinA efficacy results from a pooled analysis.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Observational
- Spasticity-related pain in children/adolescents with cerebral palsy. Part 1: Prevalence and clinical characteristics from a pooled analysis.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine · 2022Article
- The Effects of the Biceps Brachii and Brachioradialis on Elbow Flexor Muscle Strength and Spasticity in Stroke Patients.Neural plasticity · 2022Article
- Are early clinical manifestations of spasticity associated with long-term functional outcome following spinal cord injury? A retrospective study.Spinal cord · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome resulting from a multitude of neurologic conditions, such as stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. It is clinically recognized as a phenomenon of velocity-dependent increase in resistance, i.e., hypertonia. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of spasticity improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying this complex phenomenon and its relations to other components of UMN syndrome (weakness and disordered motor control), as well as the resultant clinical problems. This theoretical framework provides a foundation to set up treatment goals and to guide goal-oriented clinical assessment and treatment. Among a spectrum of treatment options, botulinum toxin (BoNT) therapy is the preferred treatment for focal spasticity. The evidence is very robust that BoNT therapy effectively reduces spasticity; however, it does not improve voluntary movement. In this chapter, we highlight a few issues on how to achieve the best clinical outcomes of BoNT therapy, such as dosing, dilution, guidance techniques, adjunctive therapies, early treatment, repeated injections, and central effects, as well as the ways to improve motor function in selected subgroups of patients with spasticity. We also discuss the reasons of poor responses to BoNT therapy and when not to use BoNT therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31820170What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.