ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2019
Fluoride exposure and sleep patterns among older adolescents in the United States: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2015-2016.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is exposure to chemical pollutants associated with sleep outcomes? A systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Pineal gland senescence: an emerging ageing-related pathology?Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Review
- Aging reimagined: Bridging clinical modulation and scientific breakthroughs.Biology of sport · 2026Review
- Fluoride: Toxicity, Mechanism and Role of Bioremediation in Detoxification.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- Association Between the Nutritional Inflammatory Index and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk: Insights from the NHANES 2015-2020 and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Fluoride-related changes in the fetal cord blood proteome; a pilot study.Research square · 2024Article
- Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites were associated with short sleep duration and self-reported trouble sleeping in US adults: data from NHANES 2005-2016 study population.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Fluoride Exposure from Ready-To-Drink Coffee Consumption.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Role of renal function in the association of drinking water fluoride and plasma fluoride among adolescents in the United States: NHANES, 2013-2016.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Fluoride Status and Cardiometabolic Health: Findings from a Representative Survey among Children and Adolescents.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Allergy-related outcomes and sleep-related disorders in adults: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2005-2006.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2022Article
- Review
- Curcumin suppresses cell growth and attenuates fluoride-mediated Caspase-3 activation in ameloblast-like LS8 cells.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2021Article
- Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFluoride from environmental sources accumulates preferentially in the pineal gland which produces melatonin, the hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. However, the effects of fluoride on sleep regulation remain unknown. This population-based study examined whether chronic low-level fluoride exposure is associated with sleep patterns and daytime sleepiness among older adolescents in the United States (US).
methodThis cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2016). We analyzed data from adolescents who had plasma fluoride (n = 473) and water fluoride (n = 419) measures and were not prescribed medication for sleep disorders. Relationships between fluoride exposure and self-reported sleep patterns or daytime sleepiness were examined using survey-weighted linear, binomial logistic or multinomial logistic regression after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
resultsThe average age of adolescents was 17 years (range = 16-19). Median (IQR) water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.27 (0.52) mg/L and 0.29 (0.19) μmol/L respectively. An IQR increase in water fluoride was associated with 1.97 times higher odds of reporting symptoms suggestive of sleep apnea (95% CI: 1.27, 3.05; p = 0.02), a 24 min later bedtime (B = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.70; p = 0.05), a 26 min later morning wake time (B = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.73; p = 0.04), and among males, a 38% reduction in the odds of reporting snoring (95% CI: 0.45, 0.87, p = 0.03).
conclusionsFluoride exposure may contribute to changes in sleep cycle regulation and sleep behaviors among older adolescents in the US. Additional prospective studies are warranted to examine the effects of fluoride on sleep patterns and determine critical windows of vulnerability for potential effects.
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Registered trials
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