ArticleNutrients2019
Human Milk Omega-3 Fatty Acid Composition is Associated with Infant Temperament.
Article in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Psychomotor Outcomes in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Pooled it
- Human Milk Lipid Profiles around the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Prenatal Origins of Stress Regulation: Maternal Psychological Distress and Inflammation During Pregnancy Prospectively Predict Infant Behavioral Reactivity and Regulation.Developmental psychobiology · 2026Article
- Literature-based human milk nutrient composition values for use in North American food composition databases.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Associations of cord blood biomarkers with infant colic and excessive crying.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Differential microRNAs and metabolites in the breast milk of mothers with adverse childhood experiences.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Maternal adiposity moderates associations between dietary, serum, and human milk n-3 and n-6 PUFA.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding: The Multifaceted Impact on Child Development and Maternal Well-Being.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Examining associations between human milk fatty acids, oligosaccharides, and early infant cognitive, language and motor development in the CHILD cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Exploring the impact of antenatal micronutrients used as a treatment for maternal depression on infant temperament in the first year of life.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- The contributions of parental lactation on offspring development: It's not udder nonsense!Hormones and behavior · 2023Review
- The Association between Infant Colic and the Multi-Omic Composition of Human Milk.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Sequential mediation of early temperament and eating behaviors in the pathways from feeding practices to childhood overweight and obesity.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Joint analyses of human milk fatty acids, phospholipids, and choline in association with cognition and temperament traits during the first 6 months of life.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment.Nutrients · 2021Review
- The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Microglial Function in the Effects of Early-Life Stress on Brain and Behavioral Development.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Milk Fat Globules: 2024 Updates.Newborn (Clarksville, Md.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is growing evidence that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty-acids (PUFAs) are important for the brain development in childhood and are necessary for an optimal health in adults. However, there have been no studies examining how the n-3 PUFA composition of human milk influences infant behavior or temperament. To fill this knowledge gap, 52 breastfeeding mothers provided milk samples at 3 months postpartum and completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ-R), a widely used parent-report measure of infant temperament. Milk was assessed for n-3 PUFAs and omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs using gas-liquid chromatography. The total fat and the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids in milk were also examined. Linear regression models revealed that infants whose mothers' milk was richer in n-3 PUFAs had lower scores on the negative affectivity domain of the IBQ-R, a component of temperament associated with a risk for internalizing disorders later in life. These associations remained statistically significant after considering covariates, including maternal age, marital status, and infant birth weight. The n-6 PUFAs, n-6/n-3 ratio, and total fat of milk were not associated with infant temperament. These results suggest that mothers may have the ability to shape the behavior of their offspring by adjusting the n-3 PUFA composition of their milk.
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Registered trials
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