ArticlePloS one2019
Diversity of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1c avian influenza viruses with evidence of reassortment in Cambodia, 2014-2016.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reassortment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Driver for Zoonotic Spillover, Asia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Zoonotic neglected tropical diseases at the animal-human interface in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Two decades of surveillance in Laos and Cambodia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Multiplex serological profiling reveals diverse avian and mammalian influenza A virus exposure in swine.iScience · 2026Article
- Review
- Environmental metagenomics enhances detection of circulating viruses from live poultry markets in Cambodia.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Rapid Review Contrasting the Evidence on Avian Influenza A(H5Nx) Clades 2.3.4.4b and 2.3.2.1c in Humans.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Review
- Using homologous network to identify reassortment risk in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Avian Influenza Virus: Comparative Evolution as the Key for Predicting Host Tropism Expansion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses from Live Bird Markets (LBM) in Senegal.Viruses · 2025Article
- H5N1 influenza A virus: lessons from past outbreaks and emerging threats.Le infezioni in medicina · 2025Review
- Detection and phylogenetic analysis of contemporary H14N2 Avian influenza A virus in domestic ducks in Southeast Asia (Cambodia).Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Aerosol exposure of live bird market workers to viable influenza A/H5N1 and A/H9N2 viruses, Cambodia.Zoonoses and public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Phylogenetic analysis of HPAI H5N1 virus from duck swab specimens in Indonesia.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2021Article
- Full Genomic Sequences of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Human Autopsy Specimens Reveal Genetic Variability and Adaptive Changes for Growth in MDCK Cell Cultures.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of Cambodian influenza A/H5N1 viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
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19 authors.
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Abstract
In Cambodia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) subtype viruses circulate endemically causing poultry outbreaks and zoonotic human cases. To investigate the genomic diversity and development of endemicity of the predominantly circulating clade 2.3.2.1c A(H5N1) viruses, we characterised 68 AIVs detected in poultry, the environment and from a single human A(H5N1) case from January 2014 to December 2016. Full genomes were generated for 42 A(H5N1) viruses. Phylogenetic analysis shows that five clade 2.3.2.1c genotypes, designated KH1 to KH5, were circulating in Cambodia during this period. The genotypes arose through multiple reassortment events with the neuraminidase (NA) and internal genes belonging to H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a, clade 2.3.2.1b or A(H9N2) lineages. Phylogenies suggest that the Cambodian AIVs were derived from viruses circulating between Cambodian and Vietnamese poultry. Molecular analyses show that these viruses contained the hemagglutinin (HA) gene substitutions D94N, S133A, S155N, T156A, T188I and K189R known to increase binding to the human-type α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. Two A(H5N1) viruses displayed the M2 gene S31N or A30T substitutions indicative of adamantane resistance, however, susceptibility testing towards neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, lananmivir and peramivir) of a subset of thirty clade 2.3.2.1c viruses showed susceptibility to all four drugs. This study shows that A(H5N1) viruses continue to reassort with other A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) viruses that are endemic in the region, highlighting the risk of introduction and emergence of novel A(H5N1) genotypes in Cambodia.
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