Trial reportJournal of autism and developmental disorders2020
Influence of a Combined Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet on Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 12-Month Follow-Up Clinical Trial.
Trial report in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid peptides in autism spectrum disorder and gluten-free casein-free diet as a therapeutic approach.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Pooled it
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Autism - A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Potential gut-brain axis-targeted therapies for autism spectrum disorder in children: opportunities and challenges.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of a gluten-free diet and/or casein-free diet for children with autism spectrum disorder.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Diet Therapies in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of gluten- and casein-free diets on autism spectrum disorders in children.Saudi medical journal · 2020Pooled it
- Validating the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI) in Persian and Kurdish for Use in Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Advancement on the Association between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children.Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- The Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Disease Severity of Autistic Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Iranian journal of child neurology · 2026Article
- The brain-gut axis in autism spectrum disorder: from gastrointestinal dysfunction to neuroimmune mechanisms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Gastrointestinal health and nutritional strategies in autism spectrum disorder.Journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Nutritional Approaches in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, and Trace Elements in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Role of Dietary Peptides Gluten and Casein in the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Biochemical Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Exploring Dietary Interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- A Spectrum of Solutions: Unveiling Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Manage Autism Spectrum Disorder.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- A Scoping Review of Tools to Assess Diet in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Nutrients · 2023Article
- The Emerging Role of Flavonoids in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of alternative interventions, such as gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets, is frequent due to limited therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our aims were to determine the influence of a GFCF diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and the potential association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Thirty-seven patients were recruited for this crossover trial. Each patient consumed a normal diet (including gluten and casein) for 6 months and a GFCF diet for another 6 months. The order of the intervention (beginning with normal diet or with GFCF diet) was assigned randomly. Patients were evaluated at three time-points (at the beginning of the study, after normal diet and after GFCF diet). Questionnaires regarding behavior and autism and dietary adherence were completed and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were determined at each time-point. No significant behavioral changes and no association with urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations were found after GFCF diet. A 6-month GFCF diet do not induce significant changes in behavioral symptoms of autism and urinary beta-casomorphin concentrations. Further studies with a long follow-up period similar to ours and including placebo and blinding elements are needed to identify better those respondents to GFCF diets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.