Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31812185›Full record

Trial reportThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2019

Challenges experienced with early introduction and sustained consumption of allergenic foods in the Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study: A qualitative analysis.

Paula Voorheis, Sadie Bell, Laura Cornelsen, Matthew Quaife, Kirsty Logan, Tom Marrs, Suzana Radulovic, Joanna Craven, Carsten Flohr, Gideon Lack and 2 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.0field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022
    Pooled it
  2. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021
    Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Navigating early allergenic food introduction: Practices and barriers among parents and caregivers.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025
    Article
  5. Early-Life Allergen Exposure and Its Influence on Risk of Atopic Disease.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2025
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Food allergen introduction patterns in the first year of life: A US nationwide survey.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Early intervention of atopic dermatitis as a preventive strategy for progression of food allergy.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2021
    Review
  13. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Paula VoorheisExecutive Office, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Sadie BellFaculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Laura CornelsenFaculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Matthew QuaifeFaculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Kirsty LoganPaediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Tom MarrsPaediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Suzana RadulovicPaediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Joanna CravenPaediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Carsten FlohrUnit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Gideon LackPaediatric Allergy Research Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Michael R PerkinPopulation Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.perkin@sgul.ac.uk.
Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study team
King's College London · GBLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBFaculty of Public Health · GBSt George's, University of London · GB

Funding

Department of Health CDF-2014-07-037Medical Research Council MC_G1001205
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe early introduction group participants of the Enquiring About Tolerance study were asked to undertake a proscriptive regimen of early introduction and sustained consumption of 6 allergenic foods. It was envisaged that this might be challenging, and early introduction group families were presented with an open-text question to express any problems they were experiencing with the regimen in recurring online questionnaires.

objectiveWe sought to analyze these open-text questionnaire responses with the aim of identifying challenges associated with the introduction and regular consumption of allergenic foods.

methodsThree combinations of interim questionnaire responses were selected for analysis, representing the early period (4, 5, and 6 months), middle period (8 and 12 months), and late period (24 and 36 months) of participation in the Enquiring About Tolerance study. Responses were assigned a code to describe their content and subsequently grouped into themes to portray key messages. A thematic content analysis allowed for conversion of qualitative codes into quantitative summaries.

resultsThree main challenges to allergenic food consumption were identified. First, some children refused the allergenic food, causing a sense of defeat among caregivers. Second, caregivers were concerned that allergenic foods might be causing a reaction, triggering a need for reassurance. Third, practical problems associated with the regimen compromised caregivers' capacity to persist.

conclusionUnderstanding the challenges experienced with allergenic food introduction and sustained consumption is the necessary precursor to developing specific communication and support strategies that could be used by caregivers, practitioners, policymakers, and key stakeholders to address these problems.

Indexed as

Desensitization, ImmunologicInfant FoodSurveys and QuestionnairesAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesFood HypersensitivityHumansInfantMaleadherenceallergensbreastfeedingdietFood allergyinfancyqualitativerandomized controlled trial

Identifiers

PMID31812185
PMCPMC6904907
OpenAlexW2993773095

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.