ArticleDemography2019
Many Kinds of Poverty: Three Dimensions of Economic Hardship, Their Combinations, and Children's Behavior Problems.
Article in Demography, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Unpacking sleep and mental health disparities across childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic and systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Perceived economic hardship and adjustment outcomes of children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Caregiver distress explains links between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors.Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) · 2026Article
- Parental Low Education, Low Income, Deprivation and School Refusal Among Japanese Elementary School Students in First Grade: Results From A-CHILD Study.Child: care, health and development · 2026Article
- Using Machine Learning to Identify Infant and Child Environmental and Biological Predictors of Callous-Unemotional Traits.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Screening and understanding adolescents with money worries via a web-based stress check: A latent class analysis.PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Article
- From Counting Dollars to Counting Sheep: Exploring Simultaneous Change in Economic Well-Being and Sleep among African American Adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Clustering of non-medical risk factors and the association with duration of social care in pregnant women in highly vulnerable circumstances.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Economic hardship and adolescent behavioral outcomes: Within- and between-family associations.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- The dynamics of housing cost burden among renters in the United States.Journal of urban affairs · 2025Article
- State Minimum Wage and Mental Health Among Children and Adolescents.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Effects of guaranteed basic income interventions on poverty-related outcomes in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Review
- Child mental health and income gradient from early childhood to adolescence: Evidence from the UK.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Neighborhood environment and adolescent sleep: The role of family socioeconomic status.Sleep medicine · 2023Article
- Growing Up in the Great Recession: The Effects of Three Dimensions of Economic Well-being on Child Behavioral Difficulties from Ages 3 to 17.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2023Article
- What Matters on Rural Left-Behind Children's Problem Behavior: Family Socioeconomic Status or Perceived Discrimination.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- PROTOCOL: Effects of guaranteed basic income interventions on poverty-related outcomes in high-income countries: A systematic review.Campbell systematic reviews · 2022Article
- Pathways from economic hardship to couple conflict by socioeconomic status during COVID-19 in Korea.Family relations · 2022Article
- Hardship in the Heartland: Associations Between Rurality, Income, and Material Hardship.Rural sociology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Income poverty, material deprivation, and subjective financial stress are three distinct dimensions of economic hardship. The majority of the theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of economic hardship on children has treated material deprivation and subjective financial stress as only mediators of the effects of income poverty, not considering the independent effects of each dimension or the effects of their combinations. Using nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study on more than 18,000 families in the United Kingdom, we propose seven distinct experiences of economic hardship, based on the possible combinations of income poverty, material deprivation, and subjective financial stress. We use mixed- and fixed-effects linear regression models to identify whether these different economic hardship combinations are differentially associated with children's behavior problems between ages 3 and 7. We find that all economic hardship combinations, including those without income poverty, are associated with higher levels of children's behavior problems. The combination of material deprivation and subjective financial stress and the combination of all three dimensions of economic hardship are associated with the highest levels of behavior problems. Based on these findings, we argue that income poverty is an important but insufficient measure of economic hardship for children and that theory and research on the effects of economic hardship on children should consider the multidimensional nature of economic stressors for families.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.