ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
The Pleiotropic Effects of the GM-CSF Rheostat on Myeloid Cell Differentiation and Function: More Than a Numbers Game.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04400929 (Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nortriptyline exerts context-dependent cytokine modulation and reduces pHrodo-associated phagocytic response in activated J774.2 macrophages.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Understanding the dual role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and its therapeutic implications.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Hypoxia-Conditioned MSC Exosomes' Effects on GM-CSF and IL-1α Expression in a Rat Model of Androgenic Alopecia.Medeniyet medical journal · 2026Article
- Harnessing neutrophils for tissue repair and regeneration: mechanisms, biomaterial engineering strategies and translational potential.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Review
- GM-CSF promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage activation associated with Akt/mTOR signaling during experimental colitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor dendritic cells suppress melanoma growth in preclinical cancer models.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Understanding the Role of All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.World journal of oncology · 2025Article
- Targeting GM-CSF in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Advances in Cytokine-Directed Immunotherapy and Clinical Implications.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- mRNA-encoded mutant HPV16/18 vaccines promote specific T-cell responses and synergize with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade in mediating therapeutic tumor regression in mice.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Targeting the double-edged sword: cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell therapy improves immune recovery in a feline model of severe coronavirus infection.Stem cells translational medicine · 2025Article
- Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor may contribute to spondyloarthritis development in HLA-B27 transgenic rat by affecting conventional dendritic cells function.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Article
- Latest updates on pathogenesis mechanisms and management strategies for cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis related to CAR-T cell therapies.Annals of hematology · 2025Review
- Tissue macrophages: origin, heterogenity, biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Arginine metabolism in myeloid cells in health and disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Brucella abortus impairs T lymphocyte responsiveness by mobilizing IL-1RA-secreting omental neutrophils.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Adjunctive GM-CSF therapy enhances host defense against systemicFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Immune-enhancing neutrophils reprogrammed by subclinical low-dose endotoxin in cancer treatment.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) is a myelopoietic growth factor that has pleiotropic effects not only in promoting the differentiation of immature precursors into polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes/macrophages (MØs) and dendritic cells (DCs), but also in controlling the function of fully mature myeloid cells. This broad spectrum of GM-CSF action may elicit paradoxical outcomes-both immunostimulation and immunosuppression-in infection, inflammation, and cancer. The complexity of GM-CSF action remains to be fully unraveled. Several aspects of GM-CSF action could contribute to its diverse biological consequences. Firstly, GM-CSF as a single cytokine affects development of most myeloid cells from progenitors to mature immune cells. Secondly, GM-CSF activates JAK2/STAT5 and also activate multiple signaling modules and transcriptional factors that direct different biological processes. Thirdly, GM-CSF can be produced by different cell types including tumor cells in response to different environmental cues; thus, GM-CSF quantity can vary greatly under different pathophysiological settings. Finally, GM-CSF signaling is also fine-tuned by other less defined feedback mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the role of GM-CSF in orchestrating the differentiation, survival, and proliferation during the generation of multiple lineages of myeloid cells (PMNs, MØs, and DCs). We will also discuss the role of GM-CSF in regulating the function of DCs and the functional polarization of MØs. We highlight how the dose of GM-CSF and corresponding signal strength acts as a rheostat to fine-tune cell fate, and thus the way GM-CSF may best be targeted for immuno-intervention in infection, inflammation and cancer.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.