ReviewFrontiers in aging neuroscience2019
Sex and Gender Driven Modifiers of Alzheimer's: The Role for Estrogenic Control Across Age, Race, Medical, and Lifestyle Risks.
Review in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Rationale for a Multi-Factorial Approach for the Reversal of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease and MCI: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review ofFrontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- The Efficacy of Ketogenic Therapies in the Clinical Management of People with Neurodegenerative Disease: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Lifespan exposure to hormone therapies and structural brain morphometry in older women.NeuroImage · 2026Trial
- Cardiometabolic measures and cognition in early menopause - Analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.Maturitas · 2022Trial
- Accelerated hippocampal atrophy in APOE ε4 homozygotes and females: Longitudinal findings from the Tohoku Medical Megabank MRI study.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Risk of Dementia After Cholecystectomy in Older Adults: A Nationwide Retrospective Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Observational
- A multiancestry polygenic risk score for Alzheimer's disease is associated with cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks in diverse populations.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Six promising drug repurposing candidates for Alzheimer's disease and their sex-specific mechanisms and efficacy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Reproductive Fitness and the Links to Chronic Disease and Systemic Aging.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- HSN G1 demonstrates multifaceted therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer disease in APP PS1 mouse model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Women's midlife: the front line of Alzheimer prevention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among transfeminine adults: A cohort study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Assessing the Roles of Aging, Estrogen, Nutrition, and Neuroinflammation in Women and Their Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Loss of CAMKK2 and iron-transport proteins-transferrin and its receptor-in the Alzheimer's disease hippocampus: link to tau pathology.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Reproductive factors and brain volume in community-dwelling individuals: the Ohasama Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent grey matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease progression.Brain communications · 2026Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Research indicates that after advanced age, the major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is female sex. Out of every three AD patients, two are females with postmenopausal women contributing to over 60% of all those affected. Sex- and gender-related differences in AD have been widely researched and several emerging lines of evidence point to different vulnerabilities that contribute to dementia risk. Among those being considered, it is becoming widely accepted that gonadal steroids contribute to the gender disparity in AD, as evidenced by the "estrogen hypothesis." This posits that sex hormones, 17β-estradiol in particular, exert a neuroprotective effect by shielding females' brains from disease development. This theory is further supported by recent findings that the onset of menopause is associated with the emergence of AD-related brain changes in women in contrast to men of the same age. In this review, we discuss genetic, medical, societal, and lifestyle risk factors known to increase AD risk differently between the genders, with a focus on the role of hormonal changes, particularly declines in 17β-estradiol during the menopause transition (MT) as key underlying mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.