ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2019
Development Of Saquinavir Mesylate Nanoemulsion-Loaded Transdermal Films: Two-Step Optimization Of Permeation Parameters, Characterization, And Ex Vivo And In Vivo Evaluation.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanoemulgels as Advanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Applications in Skin Disorders, Infections, Wound Healing, and Cancer.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pre-Formulation Studies of Lipid-Based Formulation Approach for a Poorly Water-Soluble Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II Model Drug: Bosentan.Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- The Current Status, Hotspots, and Development Trends of Nanoemulsions: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Review.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery Systems and Recent Advancements in Innovative Design Strategies.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Exploring LIPIDs for their potential to improves bioavailability of lipophilic drugs candidates: A review.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2023Review
- Tailoring of Geranium Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Loaded with Pravastatin as a Nanoplatform for Wound Healing.Polymers · 2022Article
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Abstract
backgroundSaquinavir mesylate (SQR) tablets are widely used against human immunodeficiency virus. SQR has bioavailability issues owing to its poor aqueous solubility, extensive first-pass metabolism, and even low gastrointestinal tract permeability and absorption.
objectiveAn in-depth optimization process was carried out using factorial design to improve the permeation parameters and thereby the bioavailability of SQR by formulating self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS)-loaded polymeric transdermal films.
methodsThe solubility of SQR in different nanoemulsion components was examined. Various combinations of selected components were prepared in an extreme vertices mixture design to identify the useful nanoemulsion zone and to develop SNEDDS with minimum globule size. The optimized SQR-SNEDDS was loaded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based transdermal films. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize and evaluate SQR permeability. The prepared films were characterized for thickness, tensile strength, elongation, folding endurance, and accelerated stability studies. The optimized film was examined for ex vivo skin permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters.
resultsThe optimized SQR-SNEDDS was prepared in proportions of 0.1, 0.55, and 0.35 of clove oil, labrasol, and Transcutol, respectively. The implemented Box-Behnken design indicated the optimized film consisted of 1.0% PVA, 0.25% propylene glycol, and clove oil as the oil phase. The tensile strength, thickness, percent elongation, and folding endurance of the optimized SQR-SNEDDS film were 0.93 ± 0.013 kg/cm
conclusionImplementation of a two-step design to optimize and control experimental factors in the preparation of SQR-SNEDDS and its loading onto PVA-based transdermal films was achieved. The films indicated improved ex vivo skin permeation, enhanced bioavailability, and overcame the limitations of the oral dosage form.
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