Trial reportThe Journal of international medical research2020
Effects of probiotics combined with early enteral nutrition on endothelin-1 and C-reactive protein levels and prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Trial report in The Journal of international medical research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of probiotic supplementation in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia among critically ill patients-a critical umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Probiotic-based therapy as a new useful strategy for the treatment of patients with traumatic brain injury.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Oro-esophageal feeding for tracheostomized patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial.Annals of medicine · 2026Trial
- Effects of enteral nutrition protocols on nutritional indicators and prognosis in neurological ICU patients: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Retraction.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Article
- Probiotics: A Little Help for Enteral Nutritional Therapy in Critically Ill Adults.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Gut Microbiota: An Immersion in Dysbiosis, Associated Pathologies, and Probiotics.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Probiotic treatment induces sex-dependent neuroprotection and gut microbiome shifts after traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Bowel disorders in patients with severe acquired brain injury receiving neurorehabilitation: results from a national survey in Italy.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Comparative effects of enteral nutrition strategies on nutritional indices, inflammatory factors, and clinical outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Probiotics in Traumatic Brain Injury: New Insights into Mechanisms and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Overview of the Efficacy of Using Probiotics for Neurosurgical and Potential Neurosurgical Patients.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Non-pharmacological interventions for traumatic brain injury.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Review
- Research progress on digestive disorders following traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in long-term neurodegenerative processes following traumatic brain injury.The European journal of neuroscience · 2023Review
- Emerging trends and focus of research on the relationship between traumatic brain injury and gut microbiota: a visualized study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Influence of early enteral nutrition plus probiotics on intestinal function of senile patients with sepsis.American journal of translational research · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Does modern research validate the ancient wisdom of gut flora and brain connection? A literature review of gut dysbiosis in neurological and neurosurgical disorders over the last decade.Neurosurgical review · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- RetractedRetraction.2025
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the effects of probiotics combined with early enteral nutrition on levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory factors, and on the prognosis of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
methodsWe enrolled 76 adults with severe TBI. The patients were divided randomly into two equal groups administered enteral nutrition with and without probiotics, respectively. Demographic and clinical data including age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Sequential Organ Failure Score, Acute Physiology, Chronic Health Score, hospitalization, mortality, and infections were recorded.
resultsSerum levels of inflammatory factors gradually decreased with increasing treatment time in both groups. However, ET-1 at 15 days, and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CRP at 7 and 15 days decreased significantly more in the combined treatment group. Hospitalization duration and pulmonary infection rates were also significantly reduced in the combined compared with the enteral nutrition alone group. GCS scores at 15 days were significantly lower in the combined compared with the enteral nutrition group.
conclusionProbiotics combined with early enteral nutrition could reduce serum levels of ET-1, CRP, and IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and could thus improve the recovery of patients with severe TBI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.