Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31802395›Full record

SynthesisSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2020

Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies.

Bas Van Hooren, Joel T Fuller, Jonathan D Buckley, Jayme R Miller, Kerry Sewell, Guillaume Rao, Christian Barton, Chris Bishop, Richard W Willy

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06661278 (Evaluation of Free-living Physical Activity and the Assessment Tools Used to Support Pharmacological Therapy Titration and Exercise Prescription in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Inherited Arrhythmias), which is not on this map. Cited by 125 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
125citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06661278 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Evaluation of Free-living Physical Activity and the Assessment Tools Used to Support Pharmacological Therapy Titration and Exercise Prescription in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Inherited Arrhythmias

TypeobservationalSponsorRoyal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustRan2025 to 2025Enrolled110ConditionsLong QT Syndrome, Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Type 1, Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Type 2ArmsExercise tolerance test, Physical activity & heart rate monitoring
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

125 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Assessing running stability: a systematic review of methods.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026
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65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Bas Van HoorenDepartment of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. basvanhooren@hotmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-693X
Joel T FullerDepartment of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Rd, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-4878
Jonathan D BuckleyAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-2186
Jayme R MillerAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-4837
Kerry SewellEast Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
Guillaume RaoAix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7751-6959
Christian BartonLa Trobe Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
Chris BishopAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
Richard W WillySchool of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTreadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings.

objectiveThis study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running.

methodsFour databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18-65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible.

results33 studies (n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot-ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) - 9.8° [95% confidence interval: - 13.1 to - 6.6]; low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2]; low), vertical displacement center of mass/pelvis (MD - 1.5 cm [- 2.7 to - 0.8]; low), and peak propulsive force (MD - 0.04 body weights [- 0.06 to - 0.02]; very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5]; low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD - 2.3° [- 3.6 to - 1.1]; low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD - 0.4 Nm/kg [- 0.7 to - 0.2]; low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for amplitude of muscle activity.

conclusionsSpatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle-tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).

Indexed as

AdolescentAnkle JointBiomechanical PhenomenaCross-Over StudiesExercise TestFemaleHumansMaleRange of Motion, ArticularRunning

Identifiers

PMID31802395
PMCPMC7069922

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.