ArticleBMC public health2019
Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis; in a prison of Balochistan: a cross-sectional survey.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Number Needed to Screen for Tuberculosis Disease Among Children: A Systematic Review.Pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Hepatitis C prevalence in incarcerated settings between 2013-2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Number needed to screen for TB in clinical, structural or occupational risk groups.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2022Pooled it
- Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of virology · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of the number needed to screen for active TB among people living with HIV.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2021Pooled it
- Reconstructing infectious disease prevention mechanisms in carceral settings in transitional states: lessons from the Chinese experience.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Routine active case finding in Nigerian penitentiary institutions: comparing yields from digital X-ray with CAD4TB and WHO 4-symptom screening.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Regional epidemiological study of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus among prisoners.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections among various donor groups: A comparative analysis.World journal of virology · 2025Article
- Progress on the Global Research Agenda for Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Health in Pakistan: Findings and Implications.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- "They are trying their best": incarcerated individuals' assessment of general healthcare services in selected Ghanaian prisons.Health & justice · 2024Article
- Pakistan's HIV high-risk populations: Critical appraisal of failure to curtail spread beyond key populations.IJID regions · 2024Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Based Software with CE Mark for Chest X-ray Interpretation: Opportunities and Challenges.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Prevalence of TTI among Indian blood donors.Bioinformation · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Hematological, Biochemical Profiles and Molecular Detection of Envelope Gene (gp-41) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of HIV Infection among Detainees: A Review of the Literature.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Neglecting antibiotic stewardship in prisons: A concern for antimicrobial resistance response.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Not Only COVID-19: Prevalence and Management of Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Three Penitentiary Facilities in Southern Italy.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Hepatitis in Prisoners: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis, and Tuberculosis (TB) are three primary communicable infections have the likely potential to cause severe morbidity in prison settings. The prison has the most favorable environment for the transmission of infections. We conducted this survey to determine the prevalence and feasibility of rapid diagnostic tests in an active screening of these infectious diseases in prison.
methodsThis cross-sectional survey conducted in central Jail Gaddani, one of the largest prisons in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. All prisoners, jail staffs, and staff's family members participated. Informed consent obtained from each participant before the screening. Van equipped with digital X-ray linked with Computer-Aided Detection for TB (CAD4TB) software used for testing. Sputum samples tested on Xpert for MTB/RIF assay and blood specimens collected for HIV and hepatitis serology. Diagnosed TB patients enrolled for treatment at Basic Management Unit (BMU), reactive on hepatitis Rapid Diagnostic Tools (RDTs) were referred for further testing and management, while HIV reactive referred to Anti Retro Viral (ARV) center for Anti Retro Viral Treatment (ART).
resultsA total of 567 participants offered screening, 63% (356) prisoners, 23% (129) staff's family members, and 14% (82) jail staffs. Among tested 10.3% (58/562) were hepatitis seropositive (Hepatitis-C 41 [7.29%] Hepatitis-B, 16 [2.84%] Hepatitis B&C both, 01 [0.17%]). In reactive participants, 49 were prisoners, 08 were jail staffs, and 01 was the staff's family member. HIV seropositive was 4% (24/566), and all were prisoners. Almost 99% (565/567) screened by digital X-ray, 172 (30%) were with abnormal CAD4TB suggestion (score > 50), out of them sputum of 26% (148) tested on Xpert, and 2% (03) found Mycobacterium tuberculosis Positive (MTB+). A total of five TB patients were detected; out of two were diagnosed clinically. Co-morbidities observed in 15 patients, (01 TB/HIV co-infected, 12 HIV/HCV, 01 HIV/HBV, and 01 HBV/HCV).
conclusionThe high frequency of infectious diseases in prison is alarming. For limiting the transmission of infections among prison and community, immediate steps are needed to be taken for improvement of prisons condition by application of recommended screening protocols at the time of the first entry of prisoners in prisons.
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