ArticleArchives of sexual behavior2020
Prevalence of Sexual Orientation Across 28 Nations and Its Association with Gender Equality, Economic Development, and Individualism.
Article in Archives of sexual behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of homosexual and bisexual orientation in patients with borderline personality disorder and associated factors - a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- A meta-analytic review of attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities as measured by the ASQ-ID and related variables: Is context the key?Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2022Pooled it
- Demographic and Clinical Features of Early-Onset versus Late-Onset Gender Dysphoria Among Adolescent and Young Adult Birth-Assigned Females.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Early life stress modulates social behavior via oxytocin and arginine vasopressin in males.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Deconstructing Kinsey's Scale: Digit Ratio Correlates Negatively with Gynephilia and Positively with Androphilia in Both Sexes.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Clinical competence and attitudes towards LGBT patients among medical residents in Japan.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Kin-Directed Altruism and Male Androphilia in Thailand: Investigating the Roles of Femininity and Neuroticism.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Sex and Sexual Orientation Differences in Dark Triad Traits, Sexual Excitation/Inhibition, and Sociosexuality.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Sexual and Gender Minorities in a Swedish Adolescent Community Population: Stability vs. Fluidity of Sexual Orientation.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio Predict Same-Sex Sexual Attraction in Iranian Cisgender and Transgender Adult Males and Females.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- The relationship between maternal emotional self-disclosure and children's anxiety in the post-COVID-19 era.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sexual behaviors and associated factors among first-year undergraduates at overseas Chinese-oriented universities in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Celebrating the "Invisible": The Role of Organizational Diversity Approaches on Attracting and Retaining LGBTQ + Talent.Journal of business and psychology · 2025Article
- Queer voices in computational biology: the first ISCB LGBTQI+ Symposium.Bioinformatics advances · 2025Article
- Relations of problematic online dating app use with mental and sexual health: a cross-sectional study in Swiss university students.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Inter-sexual Mate Competition in Humans: A Historical Example from Seventeenth Century Portugal.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- What Do Different People Look for in a Partner? Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Mating Strategies on Partner Preferences.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- A broader cultural view is necessary to study the evolution of sexual orientation.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Article
- Implicit Sexual Cognitions in Women with Ambiphilic Sexual Attractions: A Comparison to Androphilic and Gynephilic Women.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Sexual Orientation Affects Neural Responses to Subtle Social Aggression Signals.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The prevalence of women's and men's heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality was assessed in 28 nations using data from 191,088 participants from a 2005 BBC Internet survey. Sexual orientation was measured in terms of both self-reported sexual identity and self-reported degree of same-sex attraction. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that nations' degrees of gender equality, economic development, and individualism were not significantly associated with men's or women's sexual orientation rates across nations. These models controlled for individual-level covariates including age and education level, and nation-level covariates including religion and national sex ratios. Robustness checks included inspecting the confidence intervals for meaningful associations, and further analyses using complete-cases and summary scores of the national indices. These analyses produced the same non-significant results. The relatively stable rates of heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality observed across nations for both women and men suggest that non-social factors likely may underlie much variation in human sexual orientation. These results do not support frequently offered hypotheses that sexual orientation differences are related to gendered social norms across societies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.