ReviewBrain sciences2019
A Meta-Analysis of Relationships between Measures of Wisconsin Card Sorting and Intelligence.
Review in Brain sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Middle Childhood: Evidence for a Weak but Process-Specific Relationship.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Advancing Understanding of Treatment Response in Schizophrenia With Psychosis Using a Novel Dynamic Reward Task.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Article
- Proteomic association with age-dependent sex differences in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in healthy Thai subjects.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Brief Report: An Exploration of Cognitive Flexibility of Autistic Adolescents with Low Intelligence Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Students from a Public School in the South of Chile with Better Physical Fitness Markers Have Higher Performance in Executive Functions Tests-Cross-Sectional Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Intelligence, cognition, and major neurocognitive disorders: From constructs to measures.Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior · 2023Article
- Childhood lead exposure and sex-based neurobehavioral functioning in adolescence.Neurotoxicology · 2022Article
- Towards the Validation of Executive Functioning Assessments: A Clinical Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Normal Aging, Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Neurophysiological Approach.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- The Performance of Visual, Auditory, and Motor Cognitive Flexibility for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2022Article
- Association Between Dairy Intake and Executive Function in Chinese Children Aged 6-12 Years.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Split-Half Reliability Estimates for a Self-Administered Computerized Variant.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Cognitive Performance of Patients with Adult 5q-Spinal Muscular Atrophy and with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Paradigm Shift Toward Digital Neuropsychology and High-Dimensional Neuropsychological Assessments: Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Review
- A Computational Study of Executive Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Functionality and Neurocognition in Patients With Bipolar Disorder After a Physical-Exercise Program (FINEXT-BD Study): Protocol of a Randomized Interventionist Program.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents a widely utilized neuropsychological assessment technique for executive function. This meta-analysis examined the discriminant validity of the WCST for the assessment of mental shifting, considered as an essential subcomponent of executive functioning, against traditional psychometric intelligence tests. A systematic search was conducted, resulting in 72 neuropsychological samples for the meta-analysis of relationships between WCST scores and a variety of intelligence quotient (IQ) domains. The study revealed low to medium-sized correlations with IQ domains across all WCST scores that could be investigated. Verbal/crystallized IQ and performance/fluid IQ were indistinguishably associated with WCST scores. To conclude, the WCST assesses cognitive functions that might be partially separable from common conceptualizations of intelligence. More vigorous initiatives to validate putative indicators of executive function against intelligence are required.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.