ArticleNature chemical biology2020
Resilient living materials built by printing bacterial spores.
Article in Nature chemical biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bioprinted core-shell living material platform for spatially controlled encapsulation ofBioactive materials · 2027Article
- Living co-culture fabrication for biologically crosslinked mycelium-cellulose hydrogels and films.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Polymer chemistry at the living-material interface.Chemical science · 2026Review
- PEG-Based Living Hydrogels Engineered for Tunable Production of Bioactive Lipopeptides.ACS applied polymer materials · 2026Article
- Self-Growing and Mechanically Tunable Living Materials withACS applied polymer materials · 2026Article
- De Novo Engineered Living Materials via Elastin-Like Polypeptide-Mediated Self-Assembly.ACS synthetic biology · 2026Article
- Comparative Metagenomic Studies Reveal Different Evolutionary Directions of Synthetic Indoor Microbial Communities Under Different Nutritional Conditions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- 3D-Bioprinted Marine Bacteria for the Degradation of Polyhydroxybutyrate Bioplastics.ACS applied polymer materials · 2026Article
- EngineeredBiochemistry · 2026Article
- Programmable Semi-Interpenetrating Living Materials With Robust Stability for Versatile Bioremediation and Biotherapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Living Hydrogels: Harnessing Microorganism-Material Synergy for Next-Generation Therapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Hydrogel platforms for engineered live biotherapeutics: materials, microbial integration and clinical potential.RSC pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Material matters: a framework for integrating surface properties into built environment microbiome research.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Synthetic Biology of Plants and Microbes for Agriculture, Environment, and Future Applications.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Gradients of Aliveness and Engineering: A Taxonomy of Fungal Engineered Living Materials.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Probiotic-Based Materials as Living Therapeutics.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Living probiotics-loaded wound matrices prepared by microchip electrospinning.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Programmable Assembly of Mechanically Robust and Functional Polymer-Spore Biocomposites in Organic Solvent.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Aerosolization AffectsMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Reproducible 3D bioprinting ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Materials can be made multifunctional by embedding them with living cells that perform sensing, synthesis, energy production, and physical movement. A challenge is that the conditions needed for living cells are not conducive to materials processing and require continuous water and nutrients. Here, we present a three dimensional (3D) printer that can mix material and cell streams to build 3D objects. Bacillus subtilis spores were printed within the material and germinated on its exterior surface, including spontaneously in new cracks. The material was resilient to extreme stresses, including desiccation, solvents, osmolarity, pH, ultraviolet light, and γ-radiation. Genetic engineering enabled the bacteria to respond to stimuli or produce chemicals on demand. As a demonstration, we printed custom-shaped hydrogels containing bacteria that can sense or kill Staphylococcus aureus, a causative agent of infections. This work demonstrates materials endued with living functions that can be used in applications that require storage or exposure to environmental stresses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.