ArticleAIDS (London, England)2019
Presence of Tat and transactivation response element in spinal fluid despite antiretroviral therapy.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- From viral epigenetic reprogramming to neuroinflammation: Mechanisms driving neurodegeneration.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- HIV-1 Tat-driven Glutamate Dysregulation: Implications for Cognitive Impairment in HAND.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Hydrogen Sulfide Rescues Microglia From HIV Tat-Driven Ferroptosis: Implications for HIV-Associated Neuroinflammation.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- HIV Tat-Stimulated Microglial Extracellular Vesicles Are Enriched for Ferroptosis Mediators: Role of Dysregulated Autophagy.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- HIV-1 Tat-induced VAPB disruption initiates a cascade of organellar failures culminating in neuronal lipid accumulation.Journal of lipid research · 2026Article
- Smoldering in the sanctuary: HIV-associated brain injury in the ART era.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Parkinsonism in people with virally suppressed HIV.The lancet. HIV · 2026Review
- Interaction between HIV-1 Tat and EBV Zta favours immune escape of B cells by downregulating HLA-ABC expression.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 associated neurological disorder ("HAND" to "SAND"): Viral infection as a "time-bomb" for the aging brain.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- HIV-1 Tat and gp120 as key drivers of neurodegeneration in the central nervous system.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Roles of HIV-1 Tat: A Review of Recent Evidence.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Deceiving the gatekeepers: virus modulation of gap junctions.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Epigenetic mechanisms of HIV and opioid-induced neuropathology: Potential therapies and interventions.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- HIV-1 Tat favors the multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma by inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis and autophagy.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the capacity of minor phytocannabinoids to attenuate nociceptive insults in HIV-1 Tat-expressing mice.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Tat-specific antibodies associated with better HIV-associated motor function.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SLC38A9 is directly involved in Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction and senescence in astrocytes.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Xenon gas as a potential treatment for opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and related disorders.Medical gas research · 2025Review
- Expression of HIV envelope protein in the human central nervous system.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to measure the protein concentration and biological activity of HIV-1 Tat in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART).
designCSF was collected from 68 HIV-positive individuals on ART with plasma viral load less than 40 copies/ml, and from 25 HIV-negative healthy controls. Duration of HIV infection ranged from 4 to more than 30 years.
methodsTat levels in CSF were evaluated by an ELISA. Tat protein and viral RNA were quantified from exosomes isolated from CSF, followed by western blot or quantitative reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Functional activity of Tat was assessed using an LTR transactivation assay.
resultsTat protein was detected in 36.8% of CSF samples from HIV-positive patients. CSF Tat concentration increased in four out of five individuals after initiation of therapy, indicating that Tat was not inhibited by ART. Similarly, exosomes from 34.4% of CSF samples were strongly positive for Tat protein and/or TAR RNA. Exosomal Tat retained transactivation activity in a CEM-LTR reporter assay in 66.7% of samples assayed, which indicates that over half of the Tat present in CSF is functional. Presence of Tat in CSF was highly associated with previous abuse of psychostimulants (cocaine or amphetamines; P = 0.01) and worse performance in the psychomotor speed (P = 0.04) and information processing (P = 0.02) cognitive domains.
conclusionTat and TAR are produced in the central nervous system despite adequate ART and are packaged into CSF exosomes. Tat remains biologically active within this compartment. These studies suggest that Tat may be a quantifiable marker of the viral reservoir and highlight a need for new therapies that directly inhibit Tat.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.