SynthesisJournal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS2020
Too much or too little? A systematic review of postparetic synkinesis treatment.
Synthesis in Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis: A systematic review and clinical practice recommendations by the international head and neck scientific group.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Acute Peripheral Facial Palsy: Recent Guidelines and a Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of Korean medical science · 2020Pooled it
- Bilateral muscle activation in postparalytic facial synkinesis: a cross-sectional high-resolution surface electromyography study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rehabilitation of facial nerve palsy combining neuromuscular retraining and botulinum toxin A injection: a tertiary referral centre experience and a new working protocol proposal.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Integrative therapy for acute, subacute and chronic facial palsy: repeated differential facial nerve blocks combined with hypodermic needle-based facial nerve stimulation.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Chemodenervation is Associated With Reduced Mental Health Disorders in Patients With Synkinesis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- Approaches to the Management of Synkinesis: A Scoping Review.Facial plastic surgery : FPS · 2024Article
- Review
- Continual rehabilitation motivation of patients with postparalytic facial nerve syndrome.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2022Article
- Effect of an Intensified Combined Electromyography and Visual Feedback Training on Facial Grading in Patients With Post-paralytic Facial Synkinesis.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Synkinesis is a negative sequela of facial nerve recovery. Despite the need for effective treatment, controversy exists regarding optimal management and outcome reporting measures. The goals of this study were to evaluate the current synkinesis literature and compare the effectiveness of treatment modalities. A search of biomedical databases was performed in May 2019. Full-text English language articles of cohort studies or randomized controlled trials on synkinesis treatment were eligible for inclusion. Reviews, animal studies, and those without assessment of treatment effect were excluded. We found 592 unique citations; 33 articles were included in the final analyses. Nine studies focused on botulinum toxin (BTX-A), 7 on surgery, 5 on physical therapy (PT), and 12 on multimodal therapy. The Sunnybrook Facial Grading System was the most frequently used outcome measure (17 studies, 51.5%). All treatment modalities improved outcomes. Chemodenervation studies showed an average improvement of 17.8% (range 11-33.3%) in the respective outcome measures after treatment. PT improved by 29.7% (range 14.6-41.2%), surgery by 16.6% (range 4.7-41%), and combination therapy by 20.4% (range 5.13-37.5%). Only 21 studies (63.6%) provided data on adverse outcomes. There is lack of high-evidence level data for robust comparisons of postparetic synkinesis treatments; however, this condition is likely effectively treated nonsurgically and requires the support of a specialized multidisciplinary team. Adoption of standardized patient evaluation and outcome reporting methods is necessary for robust comparative effectiveness studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.