ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2019
The association between gestational weight gain z-score and stillbirth: a case-control study.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Suboptimal gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Pooled it
- Association of pre-pregnancy body-mass-index and gestational weight gain with preterm singleton birth in women with cervical cerclage: a retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Methods for modeling gestational weight gain: empirical application using electronic health record data from a safety net population.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Biometry during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Observational Cohort.American journal of perinatology · 2025Observational
- Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcome: A Comparison of Methods of Accounting for Gestational Age.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Overweight, obesity and excessive weight gain in pregnancy as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2022Review
- Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Infant Morbidity and Mortality in the United States.JAMA network open · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is limited information on potentially modifiable risk factors for stillbirth, such as gestational weight gain (GWG). Our purpose was to explore the association between GWG and stillbirth using the GWG z-score.
methodsWe analyzed 479 stillbirths and 1601 live births from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network case-control study. Women with triplets or monochorionic twins were excluded from analysis. We evaluated the association between GWG z-score (modeled as a restricted cubic spline with knots at the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles) and stillbirth using multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for pre - pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and other confounders. In addition, we conducted analyses stratified by pre - pregnancy BMI category (normal weight, overweight, obese).
resultsMean GWG was 18.95 (SD 17.6) lb. among mothers of stillbirths and 30.89 (SD 13.3) lb. among mothers of live births; mean GWG z-score was - 0.39 (SD 1.5) among mothers of cases and - 0.17 (SD 0.9) among control mothers. In adjusted analyses, the odds of stillbirth were elevated for women with very low GWG z-scores (e.g., adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for z-score - 1.5 SD versus 0 SD: 1.52 (1.30, 1.78); aOR (95% CI) for z-score - 2.5 SD versus 0 SD: 2.36 (1.74, 3.20)). Results differed slightly by pre - pregnancy BMI. The odds of stillbirth were slightly elevated among women with overweight BMI and GWG z-scores ≥1 SD (e.g., aOR (95% CI) for z-score of 1.5 SD versus 0 SD: 1.84 (0.97, 3.50)).
conclusionsGWG z-scores below - 1.5 SD are associated with increased odds of stillbirth.
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