ArticleJournal of ophthalmology2019
Association between Metformin and a Lower Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in Journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Oral Metformin Use and the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022 · on this mapPooled it
- Review
- Metformin and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in people with diabetes: a population-based 5-year case-control study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Prognostic Ability of Automated RPE Sinuosity for Late AMD Supersedes Qualitative Outer Retinal Band Assessment.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- From Diabetes to Degenerative Diseases: The Multifaceted Action of Metformin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Metformin and the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.JAMA ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Different Therapeutic Approaches for Dry and Wet AMD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Intravitreal Metformin Protects Against Choroidal Neovascularization and Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and macular degeneration in patients with diabetes: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan.Acta diabetologica · 2024Article
- Emerging Oral Pharmaceuticals for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mechanism of Action, Current Clinical Status, and Future Directions.Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · 2024Review
- Article
- Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2024Review
- Metformin protects retinal pigment epithelium cells against HGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Association of Metformin and Other Diabetes Medication Use and the Development of New-Onset Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case-Control Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Repurposing medications for treatment of age-related macular degeneration: Insights from novel approaches to data mining.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Association of Metformin With the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.JAMA ophthalmology · 2023Article
- The Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Is Reduced in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Who Use Metformin.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dose-response association of metformin use and risk of age-related macular degeneration among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Repurposing Drugs for Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Using Advanced Bioinformatics Tools to Identify Novel Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis population-based, retrospective cohort study was to investigate whether metformin is associated with a lower risk of subsequent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
methodsUsing the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2001 to 2013, 68205 subjects with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study cohort. Among them, 45524 were metformin users and 22681 were nonusers. The metformin and nonmetformin groups were followed until the end of 2013. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for AMD development associated with metformin use. Confounders included for adjustment were age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, obesity, diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, and insulin treatment). Furthermore, propensity score (PS) matching method was used to choose the matched sample, and PS-adjusted Cox regression was performed. Finally, how HRs changed according to metformin treatment duration and dose was also evaluated in the metformin group.
resultsAfter adjusting for confounders, the metformin group had a significantly lower risk of AMD (adjusted HR = 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.58). In the PS-matched sample, the significance remained (adjusted HR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52-0.63). In the metformin group, the adjusted HRs for the second (1.5-4 years) and third (≥4 years) tertiles of metformin treatment duration were 0.52 and 0.14, respectively, compared with the first tertile (<1.5 years). We also found significant trends of lower HRs (all
conclusionsAmong patients with type 2 diabetes, those who use metformin are at a significantly lower risk of developing AMD relative to individuals who do not use metformin. Also, the trend of a significantly lower AMD risk was found with a higher dose of metformin.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.