ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Heterologous Immunity: Role in Natural and Vaccine-Induced Resistance to Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed.
- BCG-induced non-specific effects on heterologous infectious disease in Ugandan neonates: an investigator-blind randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Risk of incident tuberculosis after severe COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- The human immunome in the post-schistosomiasis mass drug administration era.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Potential Non-Specific Benefits of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Clinical outcomes-dependent IgG epitope profiling in HTLV-1 reveals differential recognition of pathogen-derived antigens.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunity beyond borders: non-lethalFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the etiological spectrum of respiratory infections in children.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Pre-existing YFV-17D immunity mediates T cell cross-protection against dengue virus serotype 2 infection in mice.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Human T Cell Responses to Flavivirus Vaccines.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Highly cross-reactive and competent effectors dominate the CD8+ T cell response in Trypanosoma cruzi infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Vaccination strategies, public health impact and cost-effectiveness of dengue vaccine TAK-003: A modeling case study in Thailand.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Methylation patterns of the nasal epigenome of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients reveal insights into molecular mechanisms of COVID-19.BMC medical genomics · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A promising mRNA vaccine derived from the JN.1 spike protein confers protective immunity against multiple emerged Omicron variants.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Article
- Shattering the Amyloid Illusion: The Microbial Enigma of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis-From Gut Microbiota and Viruses to Brain Biofilms.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Patients with Trichinella spiralis infection display unmodified antigen-specific immune response to SARS-CoV-2.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Vaccination versus natural infection: A review of antibody differentiation techniques.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Multiscale information processing in the immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Antibody Responses in SARS-CoV-2-Exposed and/or Vaccinated Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes from Multiple CoV-2 Antigens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
The central paradigm of vaccination is to generate resistance to infection by a specific pathogen when the vacinee is re-exposed to that pathogen. This paradigm is based on two fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune system, specificity and memory. These characteristics come from the clonal specificity of T and B cells and the long-term survival of previously-encountered memory cells which can rapidly and specifically expand upon re-exposure to the same specific antigen. However, there is an increasing awareness of the concept, as well as experimental documentation of, heterologous immunity and cross-reactivity of adaptive immune lymphocytes in protection from infection. This awareness is supported by a number of human epidemiological studies in vaccine recipients and/or individuals naturally-resistant to certain infections, as well as studies in mouse models of infections, and indeed theoretical considerations regarding the disproportional repertoire of available T and B cell clonotypes compared to antigenic epitopes found on pathogens. Heterologous immunity can broaden the protective outcomes of vaccinations, and natural resistance to infections. Besides exogenous microbes/pathogens and/or vaccines, endogenous microbiota can also impact the outcomes of an infection and/or vaccination through heterologous immunity. Moreover, utilization of viral and/or bacterial vaccine vectors, capable of inducing heterologous immunity may also influence the natural course of many infections/diseases. This review article will briefly discuss these implications and redress the central dogma of specificity in the immune system.
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