Observational studyBMC emergency medicine2019
Proenkephalin a 119-159 (penKid) - a novel biomarker for acute kidney injury in sepsis: an observational study.
Observational study in BMC emergency medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proenkephalin as a biomarker correlates with acute kidney injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- The Role of Proenkephalin in Predicting Renal Dysfunction and Mortality in Septic Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit: A Narrative Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Calprotectin as a Diagnostic Marker for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Sepsis in the Emergency Department.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Promising but preliminary: a critical appraisal of the validation and generalizability of penKid for SA-AKI prediction.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Bridging the gap between biomarkers and bedside decisions: the prognostic value of the blood urea nitrogen-to-albumin ratio in sepsis-associated AKI.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Proenkephalin A 119-159 as a biomarker for predicting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Proenkephalin (PENK): a functional biomarker in chronic kidney diseases - hope or just a new bystander?Journal of nephrology · 2025Review
- Advances in the diagnosis of early biomarkers for acute kidney injury: a literature review.BMC nephrology · 2025Review
- Proenkephalin improves cardio-renal risk prediction in acute coronary syndromes: the KID-ACS score.European heart journal · 2025Article
- Proenkephalin A 119-159 in Kidney Transplantation: A Novel Biomarker for Superior Tracking of Graft Function Trajectories.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Article
- Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: What's New Regarding Its Diagnostics and Therapeutics?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Can Novel Biomarkers Effectively Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Liver or Kidney Transplant Recipients?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Proenkephalin A 119-159 in Perioperative and Intensive Care-A Promising Biomarker or Merely Another Option?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Plasma proenkephalin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predict mortality in ICU patients with acute kidney injury.BMC nephrology · 2024Article
- Point-of-Care Serum Proenkephalin as an Early Predictor of Mortality in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Septic Shock.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The Role of Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Assessing GFR With Proenkephalin.Kidney international reports · 2023Article
- Proenkephalin Levels and Its Determinants in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease Treated with Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Kidney Injury.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Dynamic nomogram for predicting acute kidney injury in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide and a major challenge for physicians to predict and manage. Proenkephalin A 119-159 (penKid) is a reliable surrogate marker for the more unstable endogenous opioid peptide enkephalin, which has previously been shown to predict both acute and chronic kidney disease. The aim of this prospective observational study was to assess penKid as a predictor of acute kidney injury (AKI), multi-organ failure and mortality in sepsis among unselected sepsis patients presenting to the emergency department (ED).
methodWe enrolled 644 patients consecutively during office-hours (6 AM-6 PM) between December 1, 2013 and February 1, 2015. Fifty-six patients were excluded due to incomplete data. We measured penKid in 588 adult patients (patients under 18 years of age were excluded) with sepsis (≥2SIRS criteria + suspected infection) upon admission to the ED at Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. Logistic regression analysis was used to relate levels of penKid at presentation to AKI, multi-organ failure, 28-day mortality and progression of renal SOFA subscore. Odds ratios are presented as the number of standard deviations from the mean of log-transformed penKid.
resultsIn age and sex adjusted models, penKid predicted AKI within 48 h and 7 days, but these associations were attenuated after additional adjustment for estimated creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In models adjusted for age, sex and eGFR, penKid significantly predicted progression from rSOFA = 0 and ≤ 1 to higher rSOFA scores as well as multi-organ failure and mortality. In contrast, eGFR did not predict 28-day mortality.
conclusionPenKid is an effective predictor of renal injury, severe multi-organ failure and mortality in unselected sepsis patients presenting to the emergency department.
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Registered trials
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