SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2020
Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection.
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06539052 (A Model to Improve the Screening and Linkage to Care of HDV Infection in Migrant Living in Southern Italy Taking Advantage of HDV Reflex Testing), which is not on this map. Cited by 181 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Model to Improve the Screening and Linkage to Care of HDV Infection in Migrant Living in Southern Italy Taking Advantage of HDV Reflex Testing: MIGrant Reflex Test HDV (MIGRED) Project
Who cites it
181 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 327 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Liver Cancer From Major Causes Compared to Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Pooled it
- The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis D Coinfection in Iran's General Population Over the Past 25 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Profiles of Hepatitis D Virus in Nigeria: A Systematic Review, 2009-2024.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Diagnostic Efficacy of Serological Antibody Detection Tests for Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2023Pooled it
- Underestimated Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) Triple Infection Globally: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D virus infection in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- A Novel Quantitative ELISA Demonstrates Lack of Correlation Between Serum HDV-RNA and Anti-HDV Antibody Levels in Chronic HDV Infection.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- Article
- Hepatitis B and D burden in Uzbekistan: comprehensive analysis of seroprevalence and risk correlates from a countrywide study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- An Exploratory Evaluation of the Present Prevalence of Hepatitis D Infection in Selected Populations from Venezuela, Contrasted with Past Studies in the Country.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of hepatitis D among hepatitis B-infected patients attending the viral hepatitis treatment unit in Alexandria, Egypt: a prospective cross-sectional observational study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Review
- Chronic hepatitis D in Austria: high burden of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, IL28B C/C as unfavorable factor, increased systemic inflammation in decompensation.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Article
- High Rates of Advanced Chronic Liver Disease in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Uzbekistan.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- From Diagnosis to Durability: A Review of the European Bulevirtide Experience and Practical Learnings for CHD Management.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Topological Stability and Transcritical Bifurcations in a Target-Cell-Limited Model of HBV-HDV Viral Interference.Viruses · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis in Three Public Health Clinics in the Kingston Metropolitan Area, Jamaica, 2022.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Generating hepatitis B and D monitoring indicators in Germany using claims data: number of persons tested, incident and prevalent infections, 2016-2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- CRISPR-Cas13a/Cas12a Assisted Dual Portable and Visualized HDV and HBV Detection.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Response-guided bulevirtide ± pegylated interferon alfa-2a: Long-term outcomes observed in the nationwide Austrian hepatitis D cohort study.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
121 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfects with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causing the most severe form of viral hepatitis. However, its exact global disease burden remains largely obscure. We aim to establish the global epidemiology, infection mode-stratified disease progression, and clinical outcome of HDV infection.
methodsWe conducted a meta-analysis with a random-effects model and performed data synthesis.
resultsThe pooled prevalence of HDV is 0.80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.00) among the general population and 13.02% (95% CI, 11.96-14.11) among HBV carriers, corresponding to 48-60 million infections globally. Among HBV patients with fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, HDV prevalence is 26.75% (95% CI, 19.84-34.29), 25.77% (95% CI, 20.62-31.27), and 19.80% (95% CI, 10.97-30.45), respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of HDV infection among HBV patients with chronic liver disease compared with asymptomatic controls is 4.55 (95% CI, 3.65-5.67). Hepatitis delta virus-coinfected patients are more likely to develop cirrhosis than HBV-monoinfected patients with OR of 3.84 (95% CI, 1.79-8.24). Overall, HDV infection progresses to cirrhosis within 5 years and to hepatocellular carcinoma within 10 years, on average.
conclusionsFindings suggest that HDV poses a heavy global burden with rapid progression to severe liver diseases, urging effective strategies for screening, prevention, and treatment.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.