ArticleMalaria journal2019
Multiplex malaria antigen detection by bead-based assay and molecular confirmation by PCR shows no evidence of Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 deletion in Haiti.
Article in Malaria journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes deletion in global settings (2010-2021): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions on malaria control worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Malaria journal · 2021Pooled it
- Peptide-Enabled Nanoplatforms for Malaria and Leishmaniasis: From Intracellular Targeting to Translational Diagnostic Perspectives.ChemMedChem · 2026Review
- Short report: surveillance of hrp2/hrp3 deletions in Plasmodium falciparum within Haiti, 2021-2023, using RDTs.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Are pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Deletions a Concern in Latin America? A Critical Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Artemisinin resistantmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Cryptic absence and genetic variation of Plasmodium falciparum PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 from isolates in Papua, Indonesia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrated Serosurveillance of Infectious Diseases Using Multiplex Bead Assays: A Systematic Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Spatial Clustering and Risk Factors for Malaria Infections and Marker of Recent Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum from a Household Survey in Artibonite, Haiti.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Performance of the procedure for ultra-rapid extraction and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (PURE-LAMP) method to detect malaria in Haiti.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- Diagnostic applications of microsphere-based flow cytometry: A review.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Gene Deletions and Relatedness to Other Global Isolates, Djibouti, 2019-2020.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Field performance of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests during a large histidine-rich protein 2 deletion survey in Ethiopia.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies.Malaria journal · 2022Article
- Screening strategies and laboratory assays to support Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein deletion surveillance: where we are and what is needed.Malaria journal · 2022Review
- Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 Gene Deletions from Persons with Symptomatic Malaria Infection in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, and Rwanda.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- SymptomaticOpen forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions among patients in the DRC enrolled from 2017 to 2018.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Adaptation of ELISA detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite proteins in mosquitoes to a multiplex bead-based immunoassay.Malaria journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Plasmodium falciparum parasite is the only human malaria that produces the histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (HRP2/3) antigens. Currently, HRP2/3 are widely used in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), but several global reports have recently emerged showing genetic deletion of one or both of these antigens in parasites. Deletion of these antigens could pose a major concern for P. falciparum diagnosis in Haiti which currently uses RDTs based solely on the detection of the HRP2/3 antigens.
methodsFrom September 2012 through February 2014, dried blood spots (DBS) were collected in Haiti from 9317 febrile patients presenting to 17 health facilities in 5 departments throughout the country as part of a bed net intervention study. All DBS from RDT positive persons and a random sampling of DBS from RDT negative persons were assayed for P. falciparum DNA by nested and PET-PCR (n = 2695 total). All PCR positive samples (n = 331) and a subset of PCR negative samples (n = 95) were assayed for three malaria antigens by a multiplex bead assay: pan-Plasmodium aldolase (pAldo), pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), and HRP2/3. Any samples positive for P. falciparum DNA, but negative for HRP2/3 antigens were tested by nested PCR for Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 gene deletions.
resultsOf 2695 DBS tested for Plasmodium DNA, 345 (12.8%) were originally found to be positive for P. falciparum DNA; 331 of these had DBS available for antigen detection. Of these, 266 (80.4%) were positive for pAldo, 221 (66.8%) positive for pLDH, and 324 (97.9%) were positive for HRP2/3 antigens. Seven samples (2.1%) positive for P. falciparum DNA were not positive for any of the three antigens by the bead assay, and were investigated for potential Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion by PCR. These samples either successfully amplified Pfhrp2/3 genes or were at an estimated parasite density too low for sufficient DNA to perform successful genotyping.
conclusionsMalaria positive samples in multiple Haitian sites were found to contain the HRP2/3 antigens, and no evidence was found of Pfhrp2/3 deletions. Malaria RDTs based on the detection of the HRP2/3 antigens remain a reliable P. falciparum diagnostic tool as Haiti works towards malaria elimination.
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