Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2019
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Ebola Virus Disease Therapeutics.
3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readComparative StudyMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 840 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
840citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
169.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicenter, Multi-Outbreak, Randomized, Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study of Investigational Therapeutics for the Treatment of Patients With Ebola Virus Disease
Multicenter, Retrospective Study of the Effects of Remdesivir in the Treatment of Severe Covid-19 Infections.
Antiviral Activity and Safety of Remdesivir in Bangladeshi Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): An Open Label, Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
840 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,579 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of ultrasound to predict severe disease in patients with dengue and other viral infections associated with hemorrhagic fevers.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical factors associated with mortality in ebola virus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Mapping the research landscape of antibody therapy for Ebola virus disease: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Diagnostic Delays and Timeliness of Response on Ebola Disease outbreak-level case-fatality Ratios in Uganda (2000-2023): a Rapid Systematic Review and meta-analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Pooled it
- Improved VSV-Ebola-GP booster vaccination approach promotes antibody affinity maturation and durable anti-Ebola immunity in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Trial
- Vector-Induced Humoral Responses After rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Immunization Identify Vaccinated Individuals and Correlate With Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Antibodies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Long-term anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody trajectories after neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Atorvastatin and telmisartan do not reduce nasopharyngeal carriage of SARS-CoV-2 in mild or moderate COVID-19 in a phase IIb randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Long-term cellular immunity of vaccines for Zaire Ebola Virus Diseases.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Characterization of Treatment Resistance and Viral Kinetics in the Setting of Single-Active Versus Dual-Active Monoclonal Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Engineered bispecific antibodies achieve broad and potent protection against multiple ebolavirus species.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- From Ebola response to adaptable preparedness beyond a single virus.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- A case of Bundibugyo virus disease treated with monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- [Ebola virus disease-clinical relevance in intensive care and emergency medicine].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2026Article
- Plant-Based Systems for Producing Therapeutic Proteins: Current Status and Future Prospects.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- The 2026 Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Virology, epidemiology, continental response, and research priorities.Infectious medicine · 2026Review
- A small molecule inhibits Ebola virus entry through glycoprotein stabilization.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ebola Virus Disease in the Era of One Health and Global Preparedness: Evolving Epidemiology, Genomic Surveillance, and Future Challenges.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Learning from Ebola Alerts in the Pandemic Agreement Era: Preparedness, Trust, and Shared Responsibility.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Clinical trial laboratory principles for emerging infectious disease research in resource-limited settings.Trends open · 2026Article
780 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
53 authors at 3 institutions in 5 countries.
Sabue MulanguFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Lori E DoddFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Richard T DaveyFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Olivier Tshiani MbayaFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Michael ProschanFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Daniel MukadiFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Mariano Lusakibanza ManzoFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Didier NzoloFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).ORCID 0000-0002-1297-9581
Antoine Tshomba OlomaFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Augustin IbandaFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Rosine AliFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Sinaré CoulibalyFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Adam C LevineFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).ORCID 0000-0003-3982-3824
Rebecca GraisFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Janet DiazFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
H Clifford LaneFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).ORCID 0000-0001-9509-1045
Jean-Jacques Muyembe-TamfumFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
PALM Writing Group
Billy SivaheraFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Modet CamaraFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Richard KojanFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Robert WalkerFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Bonnie Dighero-KempFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Huyen CaoFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Philippe MukumbayiFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Placide Mbala-KingebeniFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Steve AhukaFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Sarah AlbertFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Tyler BonnettFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Ian CrozierFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Michael DuvenhageFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Calvin ProffittFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Marc TeitelbaumFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Thomas MoenchFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Jamila AboulhabFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Kevin BarrettFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Kelly CahillFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Katherine ConeFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Risa EckesFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Lisa HensleyFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Betsey HerpinFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Elizabeth HiggsFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Julie LedgerwoodFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Jerome PiersonFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Mary SmolskisFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Ydrissa SowFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
John TierneyFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Sumathi SivapalasingamFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Wendy HolmanFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Nikki GettingerFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
David ValléeFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
Jacqueline NordwallFrom Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic of Congo (S.M., O.T.M., D.M., M.L.M., D.N., A.T.O., A.I., R.A., J.-J.M.-T.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.E.D., R.T.D., M.P., H.C.L.); the Alliance for International Medical Action, Dakar, Senegal (S.C.); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (A.C.L.); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris (R.G.); and the World Health Organization, Geneva (J.D.).The affiliations of the members of the PALM Writing Group are as follows: the Alliance for International Medical Action (B.S., M.C., R.K.); the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (R.W.); Battelle (B.D.-K.); Gilead (H.C.); Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (P.M., P.M.-K., S. Ahuka); Leidos (S. Albert, T.B., I.C., M.D., C.P., M.T.); Mapp Biopharmaceutical (T.M.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (J.A., K.B., K. Cahill, K. Cone, R.E., L.H., B.H., E.H., J.L., J.P., M.S., Y.S., J.T.); Regeneron (S.S.); Ridgeback Biotherapeutics (W.H.); the Mitchell Group (N.G., D.V.); and University of Minnesota (J.N.).
PALM Consortium Study Team
Alliance for International Medical Action · SNNational Institutes of Health · USInternational Medical Corps · US
Funding
Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Emerging Infectious DiseasesZIAAI000936 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI LANE, CLIFFORD · 2009 to 2025
$6.4MCCR NIH HHS HHSN261200800001CHHS HHSO100201400009CHHS HHSO100201700016CIntramural NIH HHS ZIA AI000936NCI NIH HHS HHSN261200800001EWorld Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundAlthough several experimental therapeutics for Ebola virus disease (EVD) have been developed, the safety and efficacy of the most promising therapies need to be assessed in the context of a randomized, controlled trial.
methodsWe conducted a trial of four investigational therapies for EVD in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where an outbreak began in August 2018. Patients of any age who had a positive result for Ebola virus RNA on reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay were enrolled. All patients received standard care and were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to intravenous administration of the triple monoclonal antibody ZMapp (the control group), the antiviral agent remdesivir, the single monoclonal antibody MAb114, or the triple monoclonal antibody REGN-EB3. The REGN-EB3 group was added in a later version of the protocol, so data from these patients were compared with those of patients in the ZMapp group who were enrolled at or after the time the REGN-EB3 group was added (the ZMapp subgroup). The primary end point was death at 28 days.
resultsA total of 681 patients were enrolled from November 20, 2018, to August 9, 2019, at which time the data and safety monitoring board recommended that patients be assigned only to the MAb114 and REGN-EB3 groups for the remainder of the trial; the recommendation was based on the results of an interim analysis that showed superiority of these groups to ZMapp and remdesivir with respect to mortality. At 28 days, death had occurred in 61 of 174 patients (35.1%) in the MAb114 group, as compared with 84 of 169 (49.7%) in the ZMapp group (P = 0.007), and in 52 of 155 (33.5%) in the REGN-EB3 group, as compared with 79 of 154 (51.3%) in the ZMapp subgroup (P = 0.002). A shorter duration of symptoms before admission and lower baseline values for viral load and for serum creatinine and aminotransferase levels each correlated with improved survival. Four serious adverse events were judged to be potentially related to the trial drugs.
conclusionsBoth MAb114 and REGN-EB3 were superior to ZMapp in reducing mortality from EVD. Scientifically and ethically sound clinical research can be conducted during disease outbreaks and can help inform the outbreak response. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; PALM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03719586.).
Indexed as
Adenosine MonophosphateAdolescentAdultAlanineAntibodies, MonoclonalAntiviral AgentsChildChild, PreschoolDemocratic Republic of the CongoDisease OutbreaksEbolavirusFemaleHemorrhagic Fever, EbolaHumansInfantInfant, NewbornAdenosine MonophosphateAlanineAntibodies, MonoclonalAntiviral AgentsremdesivirRibonucleotidesRNA, ViralZMapp
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.