ArticleInternational journal of travel medicine and global health2019
Protective Effects of Educational Attainment Against Cigarette Smoking; Diminished Returns of American Indians and Alaska Natives in the National Health Interview Survey.
Article in International journal of travel medicine and global health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Cardiovascular Risk in Pregnant Women, United States.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Unequal Impact of Flavored Tobacco Across Populations: From Neuroscience to Policy.Basic and clinical neuroscience · 2025Review
- Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Higher-than Expected Social Security Reliance Among Educated Black Americans: Minorities' Diminished Returns in National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Welfare Receipt of American Indian/Alaska Native People: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023.Open journal of psychology · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hypertension Prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment.Open journal of educational research · 2025Article
- Weaker Effects of Educational Attainment on Chronic Medical Conditions in American Indian Alaska Native, Black, and Latino Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Open journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Correlates of smoking during COVID-19 in the LGBTQI + cancer survivor population.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2024Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Numeracy Score of Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Open journal of neuroscience · 2024Article
- Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Handing Money to the Poor Is Never Enough: The Impact of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Unequal Effect of Educational Attainment on Reducing Poverty and Welfare; Diminished Returns of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.Journal of rehabilitation therapy · 2024Article
- High Education, Low Returns: Financial Literacy Challenges for African Americans and Hispanics.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Coping Styles and Cognitive Function in Older Non-Hispanic Black and White Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- Self-Rated Health of US Older Adults in the General Social Survey (GSS) 1972-2021: Complexity of the Associations of Education and Immigration.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Parental Education and Adolescents' Asthma: The Role of Ethnicity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough educational attainment is protective against health risk behaviors such as smoking,
aimscompare the effects of educational attainment on smoking status of American Indian Alaska Native (AIAN) and White adults.
methodsData came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS - 2015). A total number of 21114 individuals entered our analysis. The independent variable was years of schooling. The dependent variable was current smoking status. Age, gender, region, marital status, and employment were covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator.
resultsOverall, educational attainment was inversely associated with current smoking. Ethnicity showed a significant interaction with educational attainment that was suggestive that the protective effects of educational attainment against smoking is smaller for AIAN than Whites.
conclusionsIn the United States, while educational attainment helps individuals stay healthy by avoiding high risk behaviors such as smoking, this effect is smaller for AIANs than Whites. The result is additional risk of smoking in highly educated AIANs. To reduce ethnic disparities I tobacco use, it is important to go beyond SES inequalities and investigate why high SES ethnic minorities remain at high risk of tobacco use.
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