SynthesisJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2019
Comparison of 24-hour urine and 24-hour diet recall for estimating dietary sodium intake in populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Guideline
- Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2020Pooled it
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Comparison of 24-hour urine and 24-hour diet recall for estimating dietary sodium intake in populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a Sodium Intake Monitoring Smartphone Application (NamakBan) on Clinical Outcomes of Patients Diagnosed With Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nursing open · 2026Trial
- Laboratory-Analyzed Nutrient Values Diverge from Database Estimates in Research-Specific Diets (Notably for Protein, Iron, Sodium).Journal of food composition and analysis : an official publication of the United Nations University, International Network of Food Data Systems · 2026Article
- Comparison of Measured 24-Hour Urinary Salt Excretion With Spot Urine and 24-Hour Dietary Recall Estimates Among Adolescents and Parents: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Modulation of metabolic parameters among obese diabetic individuals through a gluten-free diet.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Agreement Of A 24-hour food record and relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire compared with urinary biomarkers of sodium, potassium, and protein intake.Nutrition journal · 2026Observational
- Article
- Dietary intake and sources of sodium and potassium, and salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among rural adults in China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Key Nutrient Intakes at Risk Among US Children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 Stratified by Age and Gender.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Ultra-Processed Foods and Nutritional Intake of Children and Adolescents from Cantagalo, São Tomé and Príncipe.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Japanese Diet Indices and Nutrient Density in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with NHANES Data.Nutrients · 2024Article
- No change in 24-h sodium intake estimated from spot urine in Norwegian adults from 2006 to 2019: the population-based Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT).Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Consumption of Discretionary Salt and Salt from Bouillon among Households, Women, and Young Children in Northern Region, Ghana: A Mixed-Methods Study with the Condiment Micronutrient Innovation Trial (CoMIT) Project.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematic literature review and meta-analysis examined whether 24-hour diet recall is a valid way to measure mean population sodium intake compared with the gold standard 24-hour urinary assessment. The authors searched electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus using pre-defined terms. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed adult humans in free-living settings, and if they included group means for 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urinary collection of sodium intake in the same participants. Studies that included populations with an active disease state that might interfere with normal sodium metabolism were excluded. Results of 28 studies are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, 24-hour diet recall underestimated population mean sodium intake by an average of 607 mg per day compared to the 24-hour urine collection. The difference between measures from 24-hour urine and 24-hour diet recall was smaller in studies conducted in high-income countries, in studies where multiple-pass methods of 24-hour diet recall were reported and where urine was validated for completeness. Higher quality studies also reported smaller differences between measures than lower quality studies. Monitoring of population sodium intake with 24-hour urinary excretion remains the most accurate method of assessment. Twenty-four-hour diet recall tends to underestimate intake, although high-quality 24-hour diet recall improves accuracy, and may be used if 24-hour urine is not feasible.
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