ArticleBMJ open2019
Association between area deprivation and major depressive disorder in British men and women: a cohort study.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distribution and quality of privately-funded general practices in England: a cross-sectional analysis.BJGP open · 2026Article
- The desirable health indicator: a new indicator of population health and healthcare utilisation.International journal of population data science · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive disorders, depression, and associated factors in younger and older adults from an urban-marginalized area of Peru.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Maintaining disorder: estimating the association between policing and psychiatric hospitalization among youth in New York City by neighborhood racial composition, 2006-2014.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Impact of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, childhood adversities and stressful life events on depressive and anxiety symptoms: insights from the UK Biobank.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Observational
- The Association between Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution and the Trajectory of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors during Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Evidence from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder is more likely in younger patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty: impact on function and quality of life.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2024Article
- Physical activity in childhood and adolescence and future depressive symptoms: an 11-year prospective cohort study.European journal of public health · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic Deprivation as a Predictor of Lower Limb Amputation in Diabetic Foot Disease.Cureus · 2023Article
- Suicide and depression in former contact sports participants: population-based cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Urban Stress and its Association with Symptoms of Depression, Fatigue, and Sleep Disruption in Women in Mexico City.Cities & health · 2023Article
- Measuring and exploring mental health determinants: a closer look at co-residents' effect using a multilevel structural equations model.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Article
- Antidepressant-like Effects ofBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Neighborhood deprivation and risk of mortality among men with prostate cancer: Findings from a long-term follow-up study.The Prostate · 2022Article
- The Relationship Between Built Environment and Mental Health of Older Adults: Mediating Effects of Perceptions of Community Cohesion and Community Safety and the Moderating Effect of Income.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- How does area-level deprivation depress an individual's self-rated health and life satisfaction? Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey in Japan.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Factors Related to the Level of Depression and Suicidal Behavior Among Men With Diagnosed Depression, Physically Ill Men, and Healthy Men.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveStudies have shown area-level deprivation can increase the risk for mental disorders over and above individual-level circumstances, such as education and social class. The objective of this study is to determine whether area deprivation is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) in British women and men separately while adjusting for individual-level factors.
designLarge, population study.
settingUK population-based cohort.
participants30 445 people from the general population aged 40 years and older and living in England consented to participate at study baseline, and of these, over 20 000 participants completed a structured Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire used to capture MDD. Area deprivation was measured in 1991 using Census data, and current MDD was assessed in 1996-2000. 8236 men and 10 335 women had complete data on all covariates. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: MDD identified according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).
resultsIn this study, 3.3% (339/10 335) of women and 2.1% (177/8236) of men had MDD. Men living in the most deprived areas were 51% more likely to have depression than those living in areas that were not deprived (OR=1.51, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.24; p=0.043), but the association between deprivation and MDD was not statistically significant in women (OR=1.24, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.65; p=0.143).
conclusionThis study shows that the residential environment differentially affects men and women, and this needs to be taken into account by mental health policy-makers. Knowing that men living in deprived conditions are at high risk for having depression helps inform targeted prevention and intervention programmes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.