ArticleThe New phytologist2020
Modularity and evolution of flower shape: the role of function, development, and spandrels in Erica.
Article in The New phytologist, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phylogenetic constraints, conservatism, and convergence shape three-dimensional variation in flower morphology of a tropical orchid radiation.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Flower morphology as a predictor of pollination mode in a biotic to abiotic pollination continuum.Annals of botany · 2023Article
- Pollinator Proboscis Length Plays a Key Role in Floral Integration of Honeysuckle Flowers (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evolvability and constraint in the evolution of three-dimensional flower morphology.American journal of botany · 2022Article
- Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade.Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · 2022Article
- The symmetry spectrum in a hybridising, tropical group of rhododendrons.The New phytologist · 2022Article
- X-ray microscopy enables multiscale high-resolution 3D imaging of plant cells, tissues, and organs.Plant physiology · 2022Article
- Mutualist- and antagonist-mediated selection contribute to trait diversification of flowers.PeerJ · 2022Review
- Nectar Uptake of a Long-ProboscidInsects · 2021Article
- Functional-morphological analyses of the delicate snap-traps of the aquatic carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) with 2D and 3D imaging techniques.Annals of botany · 2020Article
- Automatic Identification of First-Order Veins and Corolla Contours in Three-Dimensional Floral Images.Frontiers in plant science · 2020Article
- 3D pollination biology using micro-computed tomography and geometric morphometrics inApplications in plant sciencesArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Flowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination-effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ-specific). Do pollination specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity? In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genus Erica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above-mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and - for the first time - reconstructed the high-dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor. We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access-restriction to the floral reward in long-proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple-optima selection, suggesting that they were co-opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (selection-driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late. Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
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