Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31763860›Full record

SynthesisPsychological bulletin2020

Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children.

Micheal Sandbank, Kristen Bottema-Beutel, Shannon Crowley, Margaret Cassidy, Kacie Dunham, Jacob I Feldman, Jenna Crank, Susanne A Albarran, Sweeya Raj, Prachy Mahbub and 1 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Psychological bulletin, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07594171 (Comparative Outcomes of VR and In-person NDBI-informed Social Skills Interventions for Preschool-aged Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 266 papers, 28 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
266citing papers in PubMed, 28 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07594171 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Comparative Outcomes of VR and In-person NDBI-informed Social Skills Interventions for Preschool-aged Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Cheng-Kung University HospitalRan2023 to 2025Enrolled32ConditionsAutism Spectrum Disorder High-Functioning, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)ArmsVirtual Reality-Based Social Skills Group Intervention, In-Person Social Skills Group Intervention
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

266 citing papers in PubMed, 28 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  10. Meta-analysis of Psychotherapy for Autistic Youth.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026
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  12. Eye Tracking as a Treatment Monitoring Tool for Autism: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025
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  15. The use of Language ENvironment Analysis in autism research: A systematic review.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2025
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206 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Micheal SandbankDepartment of Special Education.ORCID 0000-0002-6562-8267
Kristen Bottema-BeutelLynch School of Education and Human Development.
Shannon CrowleyLynch School of Education and Human Development.ORCID 0000-0001-6184-8636
Margaret CassidyCollege of Arts and Sciences.
Kacie DunhamVanderbilt Brain Institute.
Jacob I FeldmanDepartment of Speech and Hearing Sciences.
Jenna CrankDepartment of Special Education.
Susanne A AlbarranDepartment of Special Education.
Sweeya RajCollege of Arts and Sciences.ORCID 0000-0001-5961-3774
Prachy MahbubDepartment of Neuroscience and Behavior.
Tiffany G WoynaroskiDepartment of Speech and Hearing Sciences.

Funding

Training in Fundamental NeuroscienceT32MH064913 · NIMH · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY · PI IHRIE, REBECCA A, WINDER, DANNY G. · 2001 to 2022
$7.6M
Research Project: Sensory and Multisensory Contributions to AutismU54HD083211 · NICHD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI MIRNICS, KAROLY · 2015 to 2019
$7.1M
Sensory Project in Infant/Toddler Siblings of Children with Autism (Project SPIS)R21DC016144 · NIDCD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI WOYNAROSKI, TIFFANY · 2017 to 2019
$474k
NICHD NIH HHS U54 HD083211NIDCD NIH HHS R21 DC016144NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH064913
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of group design studies of nonpharmacological early interventions designed for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we report summary effects across 7 early intervention types (behavioral, developmental, naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention [NDBI], TEACCH, sensory-based, animal-assisted, and technology-based), and 15 outcome categories indexing core and related ASD symptoms. A total of 1,615 effect sizes were gathered from 130 independent participant samples. A total of 6,240 participants, who ranged in age from 0-8 years, are represented across the studies. We synthesized effects within intervention and outcome type using a robust variance estimation approach to account for the nesting of effect sizes within studies. We also tracked study quality indicators, and report an additional set of summary effect sizes that restrict included studies to those meeting prespecified quality indicators. Finally, we conducted moderator analyses to evaluate whether summary effects across intervention types were larger for proximal as compared with distal effects, and for context-bound as compared to generalized effects. We found that when study quality indicators were not taken into account, significant positive effects were found for behavioral, developmental, and NDBI intervention types. When effect size estimation was limited to studies with randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs, evidence of positive summary effects existed only for developmental and NDBI intervention types. This was also the case when outcomes measured by parent report were excluded. Finally, when effect estimation was limited to RCT designs and to outcomes for which there was no risk of detection bias, no intervention types showed significant effects on any outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderChildChild, PreschoolEarly Medical InterventionFemaleHumansInfantMaleOutcome Assessment, Health Care

Identifiers

PMID31763860
PMCPMC8783568

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.