Trial reportAmerican journal of preventive medicine2020
Long-term Results From the FRESH RCT: Sustained Reduction of Children's Tobacco Smoke Exposure.
Trial report in American journal of preventive medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02117947 (Behavioral Counseling to Reduce Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Behavioral Counseling to Reduce Children's Secondhand Smoke Exposure: A Trial With Maternal Smokers
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Eliminating children's tobacco smoke exposure: a pathway to bioverified abstinence among low-income maternal smokers in the Babies Living Safe and Smokefree (BLiSS) trial.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Trial
- Randomized clinical trial examining financial incentives for smoking cessation among mothers of young children and possible impacts on child secondhand smoke exposure.Preventive medicine · 2023Trial
- Multilevel Intervention for Low-Income Maternal Smokers in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).American journal of public health · 2022Trial
- Randomised pilot trial of cash incentives for reducing paediatric asthmatic tobacco smoke exposures from maternal caregivers and members of their social network.Archives of disease in childhood · 2021Trial
- Parents' Self-efficacy for Tobacco Exposure Protection and Smoking Abstinence Mediate Treatment Effects on Child Cotinine at 12-Month Follow-up: Mediation Results from the Kids Safe and Smokefree Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Article
- Effectiveness of family-based behavioral intervention for smoking cessation in low-income households: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother-Child Dyad Relationships.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Hand Nicotine and Cotinine In Children Exposed to Cigars: A Pilot Study.Tobacco regulatory science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionStandard care interventions to reduce children's tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) may not be sufficient to promote behavior change in underserved populations. A previous study demonstrated the short-term efficacy of an experimental counseling intervention, Family Rules for Establishing Smokefree Homes (FRESH) compared with standard care on boosting low-income children's TSE reduction and maternal smoking at 16-week end of treatment (EOT). This study tested long-term posttreatment efficacy of this treatment through a 12-month follow-up. STUDY
designThis study was a two-arm RCT. SETTING/
participantsMaternal smokers (n=300) not seeking cessation treatment were recruited from low-income, urban communities. Participants exposed their <4-year-old children to tobacco smoke daily. Data collection and analyses occurred from 2006 to 2018.
interventionThe FRESH behavioral intervention included 2 home visits and 7 phone sessions. FRESH used cognitive behavioral skills training, support, problem-solving, and positive social reinforcement to facilitate the adoption of increasingly challenging TSE-protection behaviors. No nicotine-replacement therapy or medication was provided.
main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were child cotinine (TSE biomarker) and reported TSE from EOT through 12 months after treatment. A secondary outcome was bioverified maternal smoking cessation.
resultsCompared with controls, children in FRESH had significantly lower cotinine (β= -0.31, p<0.01) and lower maternal-reported TSE (β= -1.48, p=0.001) through the 12-month follow-up. A significant effect of time (β= -0.03, p=0.003) reflected a posttreatment decrease in cotinine. There was no treatment × time interaction, suggesting the treatment effect at EOT was sustained after treatment. Compared with controls, FRESH mothers maintained significantly higher odds of quitting smoking from EOT through 12-month follow-up (OR=8.87, 95% CI=2.33, 33.75).
conclusionsStudy results with a sample of underserved maternal smokers demonstrated that the short-term effect of FRESH counseling at 16-week EOT was maintained through 12 months after treatment-for both bioverified child TSE reduction and maternal smoking cessation. Smokers in low-income communities demonstrate elevated challenges to success in standard smoking treatment. FRESH follow-up results suggest the high potential value of more-intensive behavioral intervention for vulnerable smokers.
trial registrationThis study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02117947.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.