ArticleAnatomical sciences education2020
Phenoxyethanol-Based Embalming for Anatomy Teaching: An 18 Years' Experience with Crosado Embalming at the University of Otago in New Zealand.
Article in Anatomical sciences education, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thirty years of Thiel embalming-A systematic review on its utility in medical research.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the hip capsule innervation and its clinical implications.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- From classroom to clinic: Evaluating the educational utility of two Thiel embalming methods.Anatomical sciences education · 2026Article
- Evaluation of lactic acid as a novel fixative for histological and neuroanatomical applications.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Preliminary insights on high-fidelity embalming solutions for surgical skills training-An evaluation using the McMaster Embalming Scale and mechanical tests.Anatomical sciences education · 2026Article
- Do plantar calcaneal spurs make the plantar aponeurosis enthesis stronger? A biomechanical analysis.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Review of cadaver preservative solution from biomedical aspect.Anatomy & cell biology · 2026Review
- Cryptosporidium Oocyst Purification Using Discontinuous Gradient Centrifugation.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Does gender influence learning, perceptions and retention in regional anatomy dissection courses?Anatomical science international · 2026Article
- A comparison of 1- versus 3-month regional anatomy exposure on learning outcomes of undergraduate medical students.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Departing from standard practices: Strategic application of value engineering in the anatomy laboratory to enhance formaldehyde extraction using high-impact, low-cost, and low-maintenance solutions.Anatomical sciences education · 2025Article
- Crosado embalming related alterations in the morpho-mechanics of collagen rich tissues.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Toward an optimal cadaveric brain model for neurosurgical education: assessment of preservation, parenchyma, vascular injection, and imaging.Neurosurgical review · 2024Article
- Human Dermal Decellularized ECM Hydrogels as Scaffolds for 3D In Vitro Skin Aging Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Two fingerbreadths, one finger's width: on the proximity of the radial nerve to the deltoid tuberosity.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2023Article
- Preservation of Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Porcine Cardiac Outflow Vessels after Decellularization and Wet Storage.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Architecture of head and neck soft tissues and associated entheses: An exploration of sexual dimorphism in, and population differences between, New Zealand and Thai individuals.Journal of anatomy · 2023Article
- Lateral para-olecranon approach: surgical guide and anatomical considerations to the anconeus branch: is there a nerve-free zone?European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2023Article
- Article
- Proportional localisation of the entry point of the coracobrachialis muscle by the musculocutaneous nerve along the humerus.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Embalming fixatives such as formaldehyde and phenol have been associated with occupational health hazards. While anatomists aim at replacing these chemicals, this seems presently unfeasible in particular for formaldehyde. Furthermore, fixation protocols usually require well-equipped facilities with highly experienced staff to achieve good fixation results in spite of only a minimal use of formaldehyde. Combining these aspects, a technique robust enough to be carried out by morticians is presented, resulting in durable tissues with minimal formaldehyde use. An embalming protocol involving phenoxyethanol was established, using concentrations of 7 and 1.5 Vol% of phenoxyethanol in the fixative and the conservation fluid, respectively. Visual, haptic, histological, and biomechanical properties and their perceived potential to positively influence student learning outcomes were compared to standard embalming techniques. The phenoxyethanol technique provides esthetic, durable, and odorless tissues. Bleaching is less pronounced compared to ethanol- or formaldehyde-based protocols. The tissues remain pliable following the phenoxyethanol-based embalming and can be used for biomechanical experiments to some extent. Phenoxyethanol-fixed tissues are well suited for undergraduate teaching with perceived positive learning outcomes and partly for postgraduate training. Phenoxyethanol tissues provide the option to obtain well-preserved histology samples, similar to those derived from formaldehyde. The provided protocol helps replace the use of phenol and formaldehyde for conservation purposes and minimizes the use of formaldehyde for the initial injection fixation. Phenoxyethanol-based embalming forms an effective alternative to standard embalming techniques for human cadavers. It is simple to use, allowing fixation procedures to be carried out in less sophisticated facilities with non-anatomy staff.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.