ArticleScientific reports2019
The effect of immersive virtual reality on proximal and conditioned threat.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic changes in amygdala and insula responses to the onset and offset of conditioned stimuli during threat learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Working memory load and search efficiency in conventional monitor-based 2D versus 3D virtual settings: analysis of response times and parietal induced alpha activity in a modified Sternberg task.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- A Virtual Reality Intervention to Promote Uptake of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in the Emergency Department Following Opioid-Involved Overdose Based on Input From People With Lived Experience: Development Study.JMIR XR and spatial computing · 2026Article
- Bodily illusion enhances subjective fear of safety-margin violations surrounding the bodily self.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Virtual stressors with real impact: what virtual reality-based biobehavioral research can teach us about typical and atypical stress responsivity.Translational psychiatry · 2024Review
- Independence Threat or Interdependence Threat? The Focusing Effect on Social or Physical Threat Modulates Brain Activity.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Social Presence, Negative Emotions, and Self-Protective Behavioral Intentions of Nonsmokers in Response to Secondhand Smoking in Virtual Reality: Quasi-Experimental Design.JMIR serious games · 2023Article
- Article
- A neuroimaging study of interpersonal distance in identical and fraternal twins.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- Genetic influences on central and peripheral nervous system activity during fear conditioning.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Genetic Influence on Nociceptive Processing in the Human Brain-A Twin Study.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2022Article
- Neuronal Correlates of Small Animal Phobia in Human Subjects through fMRI: The Role of the Number and Proximity of Stimuli.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Proximal threats promote enhanced acquisition and persistence of reactive fear-learning circuits.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virtual reality lets the user be immersed in a 3-dimensional environment, which can enhance certain emotional responses to stimuli relative to experiencing them on a flat computer screen. We here tested whether displaying two different types of threats in immersive virtual reality enhanced threat related autonomic responses measured by skin conductance responses (SCRs). We studied innate and learned threat responses because these types of threats have been shown to depend on different neural circuits in animals. Therefore, it is possible that immersive virtual reality may modulate one of these threats but not the other. Innate threat responses were provoked by the sudden appearance of characters at proximal egocentric distance, which were compared to the sudden appearance of distant characters (proximal threat). Learned threat responses were studied by conditioning two of the characters to an electric shock (conditioned threat) and contrasting SCRs to these characters with SCRs to two other characters that were never paired with shock. We found that displaying stimuli in immersive virtual reality enhanced proximal threat responses but not conditioned threat responses. Findings show that immersive virtual reality can enhance an innate type of threat responses without affecting a learned threat response, suggesting that separate neural pathways serve these threat responses.
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