ArticleGut2020
Metagenomics of the faecal virome indicate a cumulative effect of enterovirus and gluten amount on the risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity in genetically at risk children: the TEDDY study.
Article in Gut, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05094232 (Epidemiologic Evolution of Coeliac Disease in Spain and Risk Factors Influencing Disease Prevalence), which is not on this map. Cited by 72 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Epidemiologic Evolution of Coeliac Disease in Spain and Risk Factors Influencing Disease Prevalence
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Colonic neoplasia and celiac disease: A systematic review.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Viruses and celiac disease: what do we know ?Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Pleconaril and ribavirin in new-onset type 1 diabetes: a phase 2 randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Beyond Bacteria: The Emerging Role of the Gut Virome and Mycobiome in Celiac Disease.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Metagenomic analysis of blood virome in ischemic stroke reveals an increase in herpesvirus transcripts and host immune activation.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- High-resolution analysis of the treated coeliac disease microbiome reveals strain-level variation.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Gut mucosal immune responses - Implications for celiac disease and food allergy.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Microbial associations and viruses on the risk of celiac disease (MAVRiC): a longitudinal post-hoc case-cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrated fecal macrogenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal celiac disease flora and metabolic profiles associated with Chinese populations.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- The Implications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coeliac Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Microbiome Markers in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Colorectal Cancer, and Celiac Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Looking back at the TEDDY study: lessons and future directions.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- The Role of Infant and Early Childhood Gut Virome in Immunity and the Triggering of Autoimmunity-A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The renaissance of oral tolerance: merging tradition and new insights.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Coeliac disease and microbiota: is it time for personalised biotics intervention? A scoping review.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Inflammatory Myopathies and Autoimmune Gluten-related Disorders: A Scoping Review of Pathophysiological Interconnections and Hypothesis.Recent advances in inflammation & allergy drug discovery · 2025Article
- Viral infections in celiac disease: what should be considered for better management.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
- Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity is modified by interactions between CD247 and environmental exposures.Scientific reports · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 12 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveHigher gluten intake, frequent gastrointestinal infections and adenovirus, enterovirus, rotavirus and reovirus have been proposed as environmental triggers for coeliac disease. However, it is not known whether an interaction exists between the ingested gluten amount and viral exposures in the development of coeliac disease. This study investigated whether distinct viral exposures alone or together with gluten increase the risk of coeliac disease autoimmunity (CDA) in genetically predisposed children.
designThe Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young study prospectively followed children carrying the HLA risk haplotypes DQ2 and/or DQ8 and constructed a nested case-control design. From this design, 83 CDA case-control pairs were identified. Median age of CDA was 31 months. Stool samples collected monthly up to the age of 2 years were analysed for virome composition by Illumina next-generation sequencing followed by comprehensive computational virus profiling.
resultsThe cumulative number of stool enteroviral exposures between 1 and 2 years of age was associated with an increased risk for CDA. In addition, there was a significant interaction between cumulative stool enteroviral exposures and gluten consumption. The risk conferred by stool enteroviruses was increased in cases reporting higher gluten intake.
conclusionsFrequent exposure to enterovirus between 1 and 2 years of age was associated with increased risk of CDA. The increased risk conferred by the interaction between enteroviruses and higher gluten intake indicate a cumulative effect of these factors in the development of CDA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.