ReviewToxins2019
The Diversity of Venom: The Importance of Behavior and Venom System Morphology in Understanding Its Ecology and Evolution.
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 155 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cnidarian Venoms in the Omics Era: Toxin Discovery and Bioactive Potential.Marine drugs · 2026Review
- Animal Venoms Targeting Cellular Mechanisms: Advances and Implications for Drug Discovery and Disease Therapy.Toxins · 2026Review
- Dissecting conserved molecular mechanisms of biological toxin activity through CRISPR screening.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Molecular arms race classifier for decrypting venom peptide and ion channel interactions.Digital discovery · 2026Article
- Article
- Truncated Life History Underlies Rapid Local Adaptation in Island Rattlesnake Venom Expression.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Paralysis efficiency (PDToxicon: X · 2026Article
- The Venom Revolution in Biomedicine: Unlocking Nature's Toxin Toolkit for Therapeutic Innovation.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- Multi-Omics Analyses Elucidate the Venom Components of the WaspEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Beyond formic acid: Peptides in carpenter ant venoms aid in disease protection.Science advances · 2026Article
- Cross-continental venom narratives: proteo-transcriptomic insights into Hydrophis cyanocinctus of India and China.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Multi-omics characterization of toxin expression and producing organs in the predatory gastropods Monoplex corrugatus and Stramonita haemastoma.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Toxins in disguise: Neuropeptide mimicry across animal venoms.General and comparative endocrinology · 2026Review
- Peptidomics and pharmacological profiling of Odontobuthus doriae (Buthidae) scorpion venom at the kappa opioid receptor.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The green lacewing venom system and the complex mechanisms underlying its evolution.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- The Golden Lancehead Genome Reveals Distinct Selective Processes Acting on Venom Genes of an Island Endemic Snake.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation.Scientifica · 2026Review
- Review
- Venom Proteins of the FireflyToxins · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Venom Diversity.Toxins · 2025Review
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge gap limits the potential of venom as a model trait in evolutionary biology. Here, we summarize the taxonomic and functional diversity of animal venoms and relate this to what is known about venom system morphology, venom modulation, and venom pharmacology, with the aim of drawing attention to the importance of these largely neglected aspects of venom research. We find that animals have evolved venoms at least 101 independent times and that venoms play at least 11 distinct ecological roles in addition to predation, defense, and feeding. Comparisons of different venom systems suggest that morphology strongly influences how venoms achieve these functions, and hence is an important consideration for understanding the molecular evolution of venoms and their toxins. Our findings also highlight the need for more holistic studies of venom systems and the toxins they contain. Greater knowledge of behavior, morphology, and ecologically relevant toxin pharmacology will improve our understanding of the evolution of venoms and their toxins, and likely facilitate exploration of their potential as sources of molecular tools and therapeutic and agrochemical lead compounds.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.