ReviewVision (Basel, Switzerland)2019
The Horizontal Raphe of the Human Retina and its Watershed Zones.
Review in Vision (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinal Arterial Vasospasm in Retinal Vein Occlusion and Its Association with Aqueous Humor Endothelin-1.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- The Natural History of Retinal Sensitivity Loss in Diabetic Macular Ischemia over One Year Evaluated by Microperimetry.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Paracentral acute middle maculopathy following coronary angiography.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Multimodal Imaging, OCT En Face, and OCT Angiography of an Anomalous Retinal Artery: Case Report and Review of the Literature.Case reports in ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The horizontal raphe (HR) as a demarcation line dividing the retina and choroid into separate vascular hemispheres is well established, but its development has never been discussed in the context of new findings of the last decades. Although factors for axon guidance are established (e.g., slit-robo pathway, ephrin-protein-receptor pathway) they do not explain HR formation. Early morphological organization, too, fails to establish a HR. The development of the HR is most likely induced by the long posterior ciliary arteries which form a horizontal line prior to retinal organization. The maintenance might then be supported by several biochemical factors. The circulation separate superior and inferior vascular hemispheres communicates across the HR only through their anastomosing capillary beds resulting in watershed zones on either side of the HR. Visual field changes along the HR could clearly be demonstrated in vascular occlusive diseases affecting the optic nerve head, the retina or the choroid. The watershed zone of the HR is ideally protective for central visual acuity in vascular occlusive diseases but can lead to distinct pathological features.
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Registered trials
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