ArticleJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2020
Added Sugars Intake among US Infants and Toddlers.
Article in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Fruit Drink Front-of-Package Claims, Fruit Imagery, and Ingredient Disclosures and Consumer Perceptions, Intentions, and Behavior: A Systematic Review.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2025Pooled it
- Association Between Diet Patterns of Human Infants and Growth Differs Across Randomized Formula Groups in the First 18.5 Months.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Trial
- Effect of Front-of-Package Information, Fruit Imagery, and High-Added Sugar Warning Labels on Parent Beverage Choices for Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Ultra-Processed Food Intake Is Associated with High Consumption of Added Sugar and Sodium in U.S. Infants.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Sugar restriction during the first 1000 days after conception and its association with decreased risk of anxiety and depression.General psychiatry · 2026Article
- Free sugar intake and dietary sources in rural Japanese infants aged 18-23 months.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Trading too much sugar for too much salt? How a well-designed dietary intervention trial to reduce added sugar intake among children produced some answers and many questions.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Diet in the General United States Asian American Population: A Scoping Review.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Review
- Exposure to sugar rationing in first 1000 days after conception and long term cardiovascular outcomes: natural experiment study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Ethnicity modifies the relationship between added sugars and fructose exposure in the first 1000 days and offspring body composition at 24 months.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Added Sugar Intake from Infant Formula and Complementary Foods: A Longitudinal Investigation and Implications for Infant Weight Gain.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Nutrient and Trace Elements in Suburban Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Sap, Syrup, and Soils from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of unhealthy feeding practices among young children aged 6-23 months in five sub-Saharan African countries.PloS one · 2025Article
- Exposure to sugar rationing in the first 1000 days of life protected against chronic disease.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Effects of dietary sugar restriction on hepatic fat in youth with obesity.Minerva pediatrics · 2024Review
- Co-occurrence of food addiction, obesity, problematic substance use, and parental history of problematic alcohol use.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2023Article
- Dietary Sugar Research in Preschoolers: Methodological, Genetic, and Cardiometabolic Considerations.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLimited information is available on added sugars consumption in US infants and toddlers.
objectivesTo present national estimates of added sugars intake among US infants and toddlers by sociodemographic characteristics, to identify top sources of added sugars, and to examine trends in added sugars intake.
designCross-sectional analysis of 1 day of 24-hour dietary recall data. PARTICIPANTS/
settingA nationally representative sample of US infants aged 0 to 11 months and toddlers aged 12 to 23 months (n=1,211) during the period from 2011 through 2016 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends were assessed from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 (n=2,795).
main outcome measuresAmong infants and toddlers, the proportion consuming any added sugars, the average amount of added sugars consumed, percent of total energy from added sugars, and top sources of added sugars intake. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t tests were used to compare differences by age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, family income level, and head of household education level. Trends were tested using orthogonal polynomials. Significance was set at P<0.05.
resultsDuring 2011 to 2016, 84.4% of infants and toddlers consumed added sugars on a given day. A greater proportion of toddlers (98.3%) consumed added sugars than infants (60.6%). The mean amount of added sugars toddlers consumed was also more compared with infants (5.8 vs 0.9 tsp). Non-Hispanic black toddlers (8.2 tsp) consumed more added sugars than non-Hispanic Asian (3.7 tsp), non-Hispanic white (5.3 tsp), and Hispanic (5.9 tsp) toddlers. A similar pattern was observed for percent energy from added sugars. For infants, top sources of added sugars were yogurt, baby food snacks/sweets, and sweet bakery products; top sources among toddlers were fruit drinks, sugars/sweets, and sweet bakery products. The mean amount of added sugars decreased from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 for both age groups; however, percent energy from added sugars only decreased among infants.
conclusionAdded sugars intake was observed among infants/toddlers and varied by age and race and Hispanic origin. Added sugars intake, as a percent of energy, decreased only among infants from 2005 to 2016.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.