ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2020
Urban-Rural Infant Mortality Disparities by Race and Ethnicity and Cause of Death.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Understanding Sociodemographic Disparities in Maternal-Fetal Surgery Study Participation.Fetal diagnosis and therapy · 2022Pooled it
- Fetal and Obstetric Complications Among Pregnant Women With Congenital Heart Disease in a Georgia Medicaid Dataset.Birth defects research · 2026Article
- Examining rural disparities in cigarette smoking among U.S. women by chronological age: 2002-2022.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Maternity Care Access and Infant Mortality.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Interventions to address inequities in infant mortality and morbidity in the NICU and beyond: A focus on the mother-infant dyad.Seminars in perinatology · 2025Review
- Neonatal Factors Associated with Mortality Among Preterm Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care in a Peruvian National Hospital.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Self-Reported Versus County-Based Rurality of People Who Gave Birth in 6 US States, 2020.American journal of public health · 2025Article
- Safe sleep crib clinics: Promoting risk reduction strategies for sudden unexpected infant death.PEC innovation · 2025Article
- Mortality trends in extremely premature neonates: insights from the CDC WONDER database from 1999 to 2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Associations among parental mental health, lifestyle factors and infant mortality in rural and urban mothers.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Rural maternal health interventions: A scoping review and implications for best practices.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Evidence for reproductive health effects following exposure to hydraulic fracturing chemical mixtures.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- Examining U.S. disparities in smoking among rural versus urban women of reproductive age: 2002-2019.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Evaluating the Prevalence of Maternal Health Indicators on Infant Mortality Rates in Florida.Cureus · 2024Article
- The impact of rural status on pediatric chronic kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Article
- Depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older people in China and associations with chronic diseases.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- "I was able to take it back": Seeking VBAC after experiencing dehumanizing maternity care in a primary cesarean.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2023Article
- Regional Disparities in the Infant Mortality Rate in Korea Between 2001 and 2021.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Optimal Protocols and Management of Clinical and Genomic Data Collection to Assist in the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Congenital Anomalies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Retrospective Study of the Correlation Between Twin Pregnancies and Perinatal Outcome in Association to the Impact of Preterm Birth.Materia socio-medica · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInfant mortality rates are higher in nonmetropolitan areas versus large metropolitan areas. Variation by race/ethnicity and cause of death has not been assessed. Urban-rural infant mortality rate differences were quantified by race/ethnicity and cause of death.
methodsNational Vital Statistics System linked birth/infant death data (2014-2016) were analyzed in 2019 by 3 urban-rural county classifications: large metropolitan, medium/small metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan. Excess infant mortality rates (rate differences) by urban-rural classification were calculated relative to large metropolitan areas overall and for each racial/ethnic group. The number of excess deaths, population attributable fraction, and proportion of excess deaths attributable to underlying causes of death was calculated.
resultsNonmetropolitan areas had the highest excess infant mortality rate overall. Excess infant mortality rates were substantially lower for Hispanic infants than other races/ethnicities. Overall, 7.4% of infant deaths would be prevented if all areas had the infant mortality rate of large metropolitan areas. With more than half of births occurring outside of large metropolitan areas, the population attributable fraction was highest for American Indian/Alaska Natives (20.3%) and whites, non-Hispanic (14.3%). Excess infant mortality rates in both nonmetropolitan and medium/small metropolitan areas were primarily attributable to sudden unexpected infant deaths (42.3% and 31.9%) and congenital anomalies (30.1% and 26.8%). This pattern was consistent for all racial/ethnic groups except black, non-Hispanic infants, for whom preterm-related and sudden unexpected infant deaths accounted for the largest share of excess infant mortality rates.
conclusionsInfant mortality increases with rurality, and excess infant mortality rates are predominantly attributable to sudden unexpected infant deaths and congenital anomalies, with differences by race/ethnicity regarding magnitude and cause of death.
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