SynthesisNutrients2019
Dietary Protein Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: ADose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.
Synthesis in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses on Consumption of Different Food Groups and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- The Isocaloric Substitution of Plant-Based and Animal-Based Protein in Relation to Aging-Related Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Changes in quantity plant-based protein intake on type 2 diabetes remission in coronary heart disease patients: from the CORDIOPREV study.European journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Educational disparities in the association of protein diversity and type 2 diabetes: a multi-country population-based prospective case-cohort study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Identifying the Ratio of Circulating Cinnamoylglycine to Isoleucine as a Biomarker Linking Diet Quality, Microbial Metabolism, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Cohorts.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Nutrition-induced remission of type 2 diabetes: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future directions-a mini review.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Review
- Optimizing Nutrition Strategies for Diabetes Management in India: An Expert Opinion.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Equivalent Glycemic Load and Insulinemic Responses Elicited by Low-Carbohydrate Foods: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Protein diversity, type 2 diabetes, and effect modifiers: a multi-country prospective study.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Effects of protein intake on glucagon, insulin, and glucose dynamics: implications for diabetes.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2025Review
- Gender-specific effects of meat consumption on type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Associations across food consumption, diabetes prevalence and the environmental impacts: Evidence from China.PloS one · 2025Article
- The Protein Link: Leveraging Precision Nutrition to Shape Cardiovascular Wellness.Precision nutrition · 2024Article
- Dairy Intake in Relation to Prediabetes and Continuous Glycemic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- An unbiased, sustainable, evidence-informed Universal Food Guide: a timely template for national food guides.Nutrition journal · 2024Review
- Nutrient quality in dietary therapy for diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The relationship between dietary protein consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the relations between dietary protein consumption and the risk of T2D. We conducted systematic retrieval of prospective studies in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Summary relative risks were compiled with a fixed effects model or a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model and generalized least squares analysis were used to evaluate the diet-T2D incidence relationship. T2D risk increased with increasing consumption of total protein and animal protein, red meat, processed meat, milk, and eggs, respectively, while plant protein and yogurt had an inverse relationship. A non-linear association with the risk for T2D was found for the consumption of plant protein, processed meat, milk, yogurt, and soy. This meta-analysis suggests that substitution of plant protein and yogurt for animal protein, especially red meat and processed meat, can reduce the risk for T2D.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.