ArticlePLoS pathogens2019
Trickle infection and immunity to Trichuris muris.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunomodulatory effects of nematode-microbiota interactions in cancer therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunity to helminths in complex environments: co-infection disrupts effective granuloma formation and parasite clearance.Discovery immunology · 2026Article
- New Perspectives on Classical Alarmin Responses to Intestinal Helminth Infection.Parasite immunology · 2025Review
- Pathogen priming alters host transmission potential and predictors of transmissibility in a wild songbird species.mSphere · 2025Article
- Dose-response effects of multiple Ascaris suum exposures and their impact on lung protection during larval ascariasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- A Small Intestinal Helminth Infection Alters Colonic Mucus and Shapes the Colonic Mucus Microbiome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Pathogen priming alters host transmission potential and predictors of transmissibility in a wild songbird species.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Gut-microbiome profiles among Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infected Ethiopian children enrolled in the school-based mass deworming program.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Immunological feedback loops generate parasite persistence thresholds that explain variation in infection duration.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Cooperation of ILC2s and TNature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Myeloid A20 is critical for alternative macrophage polarization and type-2 immune-mediated helminth resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Genetic and Environmental interactions contribute to immune variation in rewilded mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Whipworm secretions and their roles in host-parasite interactions.Parasites & vectors · 2022Review
- Tissue-specific immunity in helminth infections.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- "Every cell is an immune cell; contributions of non-hematopoietic cells to anti-helminth immunity".Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Garlic-Derived Organosulfur Compounds Regulate Metabolic and Immune Pathways in Macrophages and Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation in Mice.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2022Article
- Trickle infection withFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- NKp46Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The majority of experiments investigating the immune response to gastrointestinal helminth infection use a single bolus infection. However, in situ individuals are repeatedly infected with low doses. Therefore, to model natural infection, mice were repeatedly infected (trickle infection) with low doses of Trichuris muris. Trickle infection resulted in the slow acquisition of immunity reflected by a gradual increase in worm burden followed by partial expulsion. Flow cytometry revealed that the CD4+ T cell response shifted from Th1 dominated to Th2 dominated, which coincided with an increase in Type 2 cytokines. The development of resistance following trickle infection was associated with increased worm expulsion effector mechanisms including goblet cell hyperplasia, Muc5ac production and increased epithelial cell turn over. Depletion of CD4+ T cells reversed resistance confirming their importance in protective immunity following trickle infection. In contrast, depletion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells did not alter protective immunity. T. muris trickle infection resulted in a dysbiotic mircrobiota which began to recover alpha diversity following the development of resistance. These data establish trickle infection as a robust and informative model for analysis of immunity to chronic intestinal helminth infection more akin to that observed under natural infection conditions and confirms the importance of CD4+ T cell adaptive immunity in host protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.