ReviewNPJ breast cancer2019
Evidence for a causal role by mouse mammary tumour-like virus in human breast cancer.
Review in NPJ breast cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human betaretrovirus (HBRV), homologous to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and human breast cancer: a significant epidemiological association.Retrovirology · 2026Pooled it
- Transient adenovirus-Cre infection causes long-lasting remodeling of the mammary gland immune landscape.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Transient adenovirus-Cre infection causes long-lasting remodeling of the mammary gland immune landscape.Research square · 2026Article
- Can Oncogenic Animal Viruses Pose a Threat to Humans?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Viral zoonosis and human cancer: a perspective.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
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- Article
- The association between infectious agents and breast cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Review
- DNA tetrahedral nanostructures for the biomedical application and spatial orientation of biomolecules.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Evidence of cancer-linked rodent zoonoses from biophysical genomic variations.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Involvement of APOBEC3A/B Deletion in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)-like Positive Human Breast Cancer.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Viral Origin of Human Breast Cancer: From the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) to the Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV).Viruses · 2022Review
- Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer.Infectious agents and cancer · 2022Review
- Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) and MMTV-like Viruses: An In-depth Look at a Controversial Issue.Viruses · 2022Review
- Molecular characterization of human papillomavirus and mouse mammary tumor virus-Molecular and clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in Human Breast Cancer-The Value of Bradford Hill Criteria.Viruses · 2022Review
- Interrelated Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Review
- Presence of high-risk HPVs, EBV, and MMTV in human triple-negative breast cancer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Catching viral breast cancer.Infectious agents and cancer · 2021Review
- High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in Breast Cancer Patients in Egypt.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We have reviewed the evidence relevant to mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) and human breast cancer. The prevalence of MMTV- like gene sequences is 15-fold higher in human breast cancer than in normal human breast tissue controls and is present in up to 40% of human breast cancers. MMTV-like gene sequences can be identified in benign breast tissues 1-11 years before the development of positive MMTV-like breast cancer in the same women. The prevalence of MMTV antibodies in sera from women with breast cancer is 5-fold higher than in normal women. MMTV can infect human breast epithelial cells and integrate at random into the human genome located in those cells. MMTV-like gene sequences are present in human milk from normal lactating women and with increased prevalence in milk from women at risk of breast cancer. MMTV-like virus associated human breast cancer has strikingly similar features to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumours. These features include almost identical nucleotide sequences and structure of the MMTV genome, histology, superantigen expression, MMTV infection of B and T lymphocytes and hormone dependence. MMTV-like gene sequences have also been identified in dogs, cats, monkeys, mice and rats. Saliva has been identified as the most plausible means of transmission from human to human and possibly from dogs to humans. The evidence meets the classic causal criteria. A causal role for MMTV-like viruses in human breast cancer is highly likely.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.