ArticleBMC medicine2019
NG2 glia regulate brain innate immunity via TGF-β2/TGFBR2 axis.
Article in BMC medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Neurovascular Niche: A Gathering Venue for Neuroinflammation and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- NG2-Glia in Central Nervous System Following Injury: From Pathological Involvement to Repair Potential.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Oligodendroglia as Active Immunomodulators in Demyelinating Diseases.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Redefining the timeline: a three-phase framework of hypothalamic microinflammation in metabolic disease.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- NG2 Glia and Cellular Crosstalk in Health and Disease: Focus on Spinal Cord Injury.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Genetic-Environmental Programming of Microglial Identity: Shaping Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Diseases.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Plasma proteomics identifies proteins and pathways associated with incident migraine in 50,668 adults.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Microglia, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes in Parkinson's Disease: Neuroinflammatory Crosstalk and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Biomolecules · 2026Review
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- Suppression of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase promotes remyelination in multiple sclerosis.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling reveals temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation and myelin repair after intracerebral haemorrhage.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive microRNA-seq Transcriptomic Analysis of Tay-Sachs Disease Mice Revealed Distinct miRNA Profiles in Neuroglial Cells.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2025Article
- Glial Cells and Aging: From the CNS to the Cerebellum.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Roles of Ion Channels in Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells: From Physiology to Pathology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Dopaminergic Neuron-Derived AIMP1 Promotes Neurodegeneration via CD23-Dependent Microglial Activation.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
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- Senescent brain cell types in Alzheimer's disease: Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrain innate immunity is vital for maintaining normal brain functions. Immune homeostatic imbalances play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of brain innate immunity and their significance in PD pathogenesis are still largely unknown.
methodsCre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor (iDTR) and diphtheria toxin-mediated cell ablation was performed to investigate the impact of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) glia on the brain innate immunity. RNA sequencing analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in mouse brain with ablated NG2 glia and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory response in the presence or absence of NG2 glia. The survival of dopaminergic neurons or glial cell activation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Co-cultures of NG2 glia and microglia were used to examine the influence of NG2 glia to microglial activation.
resultsWe show that NG2 glia are required for the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the brain via transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2)-CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling, which suppresses the activation of microglia. We demonstrate that mice with ablated NG2 glia display a profound downregulation of the expression of microglia-specific signature genes and remarkable inflammatory response in the brain following exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharides. Gain- or loss-of-function studies show that NG2 glia-derived TGF-β2 and its receptor TGFBR2 in microglia are key regulators of the CX3CR1-modulated immune response. Furthermore, deficiency of NG2 glia contributes to neuroinflammation and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in MPTP-induced mouse PD model.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that NG2 glia play a critical role in modulation of neuroinflammation and provide a compelling rationale for the development of new therapeutics for neurological disorders.
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